Floral polymorphism in common primrose (Primula vulgaris Huds., Primulaceae) of the Northeastern Black Sea coast

Shipunov, Alexey; Kosenko, Yana; Volkova, Polina A.

doi:10.1007/s00606-011-0484-5

Cited by 17 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…Although blue-flowered cultivar seemed visually the darkest among the analyzed primrose hybrids, this characteristic was not explicitly expressed neither in its L* parameter (it was namely comparable with the red hybrid) nor in its high anthocyanin content. This corresponds to the report of Shipunov et al (2011), who also detected no significant differences between dark pink and blue-violet P. vulgaris flowers. Possibly, the methylated forms of petunidin glycosides, which prevail in blue-flowered primrose, produce a darker visual perception, which is also stimulated by high diversity of anthocyanin forms.…”

Section: Colorimetric Parameters Andsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…PIGMENT DISTRIBUTION IN DIFFERENT FLOWER SEGMENTS. A common perception of the Primula genus is their yellow flower; however, color polymorphism of P. vulgaris (Richards, 2003;Shipunov et al, 2011) and crosses with other primrose species have yielded astonishing red, purple, orange, and blue hues of the hybrid primrose. Differences in color parameters were significant among the three flower segments, and most particularly, the CT was characterized by highest L* and lowest a*.…”

Section: Colorimetric Parameters Andmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Phenolic Accumulation in Hybrid Primrose and Pigment Distribution in Different Flower Segments

Schmitzer¹,

Mikulič-Petkovšek²,

Štampar³

et al. 2017

J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci.

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Detailed anthocyanin and flavonol profiles were investigated in three flower segments of four different hybrid primrose (Primula ×polyantha) cultivars, and individual compounds were identified using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)/mass spectrometry system. Chlorophyll a and b and total carotenoids were evaluated spectrophotometrically in the corolla tube (CT), and distal and proximal flower segments, and the color of each segment was assessed with a colorimeter. Chlorophyll b predominated over chlorophyll a in all flower segments, and the highest total chlorophyll levels were found in the CTs. Sixteen different anthocyanins (glycosides of cyanidin, delphinidin, peonidin, petunidin, malvidin, and rosinidin) were identified in red, pink, and blue flower extracts. Distal segments of the red hybrid and proximal segments of the pink hybrid accumulated highest levels of total anthocyanins, and no red pigments were detected in yellow-flowered hybrid primrose. Six groups of flavonols (40 individual compounds in total) were detected in different flower segments of four hybrid primrose cultivars. Yellow primrose was characterized by the greatest diversity of flavonols as it contained four isorhamnetin, five kaempferol, six laricitrin, three myricetin, six quercetin, and six syringetin glycosides. On the other hand, the smallest variety of flavonols was detected in pink hybrids. Total phenolic content (TPC) was lowest in the CT (yellow > red > pink), significantly higher in the proximal flower segment (yellow > red > pink), and highest in the distal part of the primrose petal (yellow > pink > red).

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Section: Colorimetric Parameters Andsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Colorimetric Parameters Andmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phenolic Accumulation in Hybrid Primrose and Pigment Distribution in Different Flower Segments

Schmitzer¹,

Mikulič-Petkovšek²,

Štampar³

et al. 2017

J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci.

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show abstract

“…Morphological investigations of plants found along the northeast coast of the Black Sea (250 km) showed that the petal color is the only phenotypic difference between the varieties. A classification into different subtypes was therefore found unnecessary [31]. Recent molecular analyses based on chloroplast DNA and internal transcribed spacer markers demonstrated the color polymorphism not to be related to general phylogenetical trends in the population of P. vulgaris .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative Metabolite Profiling of Triterpenoid Saponins and Flavonoids in Flower Color Mutations of Primula veris L.

Apel

Stintzing

Spring

2017

IJMS

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Primula veris L. is an important medicinal plant with documented use for the treatment of gout, headache and migraine reaching back to the Middle Ages. Triterpenoid saponins from roots and flowers are used in up-to-date phytotherapeutic treatment of bronchitis and colds due to their expectorant and secretolytic effects. In addition to the wild type plants with yellow petals, a red variant and an intermediate orange form of Primula veris L. have recently been found in a natural habitat. The secondary metabolite profiles of roots, leaves and flowers of these rare variants were investigated and compared with the wild type metabolome. Two flavonoids, six flavonoid glycosides, four novel methylated flavonoid glycosides, five anthocyanins and three triterpenoid saponins were identified in alcoholic extracts from the petals, leaves and roots of the three variants by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-diode array detection (DAD)/mass spectrometry (MSn) analyses. Anthocyanins were detected in the petals of the red and orange variety, but not in the wild type. No other effects on the metabolite profiles of the three varieties have been observed. The possibility is discussed that a regulatory step of the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway may have been affected by mutation thus triggering color polymorphism in the petals.

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“…Many studies of variation among individuals in flower color examine and report discontinuous variation (Jones, 1996b;Shipunov, Kosenko, & Volkova, 2011;Whibley et al, 2006) by, for example, using human vision to bin phenotypes into color or pattern classes such as "spotted" versus "unspotted" or "white" versus "purple. "…”

Section: Which Floral Traits Are Attractive To Bees?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex‐specific floral attraction traits in a sequentially hermaphroditic species

Peach

Liu

Klitgaard

et al. 2020

Ecology and Evolution

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●Many angiosperms are hermaphroditic and produce bisexual flowers in which male (pollen export) and female (stigma receptivity) functions are separated temporally. This sequential hermaphroditism may be associated with variation in flower size, color, or pattern, all of which may influence pollinator attraction. In this study, we describe variation in these traits across discrete functional sex stages within and between 225 greenhouse‐grown individuals of Clarkia unguiculata (Onagraceae). In addition, to identify the effects of floral phenotype on pollinator attraction in this species, we examine the effects of these floral traits on pollen receipt in ~180 individuals in an experimental field array. ●Petal area, ultraviolet (UV)‐absorbing nectar guide area, and blue and green mean petal reflectance differ significantly across the functional sex stages of C. unguiculata. Male‐ and female‐phase flowers display significantly different pollinator attraction traits. Petal and UV nectar guide area increase as flowers progress from male phase to female phase, while blue reflectance and green reflectance peak during anther maturation. ●In field arrays of C. unguiculata, female‐phase flowers with large UV nectar guides receive more pollen than those with small nectar guides, and female‐phase flowers with high mean blue reflectance values are more likely to receive pollen than those with low blue reflectance. Female‐phase flowers with green mean reflectance values that differ most from background foliage also receive more pollen than those that are more similar to foliage. These findings indicate that components of flower color and pattern influence pollen receipt, independent of other plant attributes that may covary with floral traits. We discuss these results in the context of hypotheses that have been proposed to explain sex‐specific floral attraction traits, and we suggest future research that could improve our understanding of sexual dimorphism in sequentially hermaphroditic species and the evolution of features that promote outcrossing.

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Floral polymorphism in common primrose (Primula vulgaris Huds., Primulaceae) of the Northeastern Black Sea coast

Cited by 17 publications

References 45 publications

Phenolic Accumulation in Hybrid Primrose and Pigment Distribution in Different Flower Segments

Phenolic Accumulation in Hybrid Primrose and Pigment Distribution in Different Flower Segments

Comparative Metabolite Profiling of Triterpenoid Saponins and Flavonoids in Flower Color Mutations of Primula veris L.

Sex‐specific floral attraction traits in a sequentially hermaphroditic species

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