Floral traits, pollinators and breeding systems in Syncolostemon (Lamiaceae)

Ford, Craig M.; Johnson, Steven D.

doi:10.1007/s00606-008-0016-0

Cited by 12 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Because this occurred in all seven accessions evaluated, it is very likely in-bud pollen release is widespread in various populations of this species. However, in-bud pollen release did not result in effective selfed-seed set in some accessions (Table 1), and for accession Ames 29995 (with only 6% and 23% selfed-seed set for bagged and unbagged flowers, respectively), high levels of self-incompatibility or a similar phenomenon may be operating, as recently observed in another genus in the Lamiaceae, Syncolostemon (Ford and Johnson, 2008). Additional research is needed to determine the conditions that are required to proceed from in-bud pollen release to stigmatic deposition and, ultimately, to effective self-fertilization.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 56%

Variation in the Breeding System of Prunella vulgaris L.

Widrlechner²

2011

horts

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Prunella vulgaris (Lamiaceae), commonly known as selfheal, is a perennial herb with a long history of use in traditional medicine. Recent studies have found that P. vulgaris possesses anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and antibacterial properties, and it is likely that this will lead to increased commercial demand for this species. To date, research publications on P. vulgaris cultivation and genetics are scarce. Using accessions originally collected from different geographical regions, we investigated the breeding system of this species by observing variation in floral morphology, time of pollen release, and selfed-seed set in bagged flowers and isolated plants. Two types of floral morphology, one with exerted styles, extending past open corollas when viewed from above, and the other with shorter, inserted styles, were found among 30 accessions. Two accessions originally collected from Asia uniformly displayed exerted styles, and 27 accessions had inserted styles. One accession from Oregon displayed variation in this trait among individual plants. Microscopic observation of seven accessions, including ones with both exerted and inserted styles, revealed that they all release pollen to some degree before the flowers open. Using bagged flowers, we found that selfed-seed set varied widely among eight accessions, ranging from 6% to 94%. However, bagging may underestimate seed set for some accessions. The two accessions with the lowest rates when using bagged flowers increased in seed set by 350% and 158%, respectively, when we evaluated single, unbagged plants in isolation cages. The accession with 6% selfed-seed set when bagged also had exerted styles. These findings suggest that mating systems in P. vulgaris may be in the process of evolutionary change and that understanding breeding-system variation should be useful in developing efficient seed-regeneration protocols and breeding and selection strategies for this species.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 56%

Variation in the Breeding System of Prunella vulgaris L.

Widrlechner²

2011

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“…), Cytinus sanguineus (Cytinaceae; Hobbhahn & Johnson ), Hyobanche sanguinea (Orobanchaceae), and Lachenalia luteola (Hyacinthaceae; Turner & Midgley ). Moreover, plants pollinated by perching birds often produce a large number of flowers clustered into a dense inflorescence that enables feeding from a single perching position (Ford & Johnson ).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Sunbird hovering behavior is determined by both the forager and resource plant

Padyšáková

Janeček

2016

Biotropica

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The long-standing paradigm that pollination systems adapted to hovering birds evolved only in the New World was recently challenged by the discovery of hovering pollination by Old World specialized passerine pollinators. This raises the possibility that hovering pollination may evolve more easily than previously believed, given sufficient selective pressure on plant traits, on nectarivory, or both. We observed foraging behavior by the sunbird Cyanomitra oritis at flowers of the native Old World plant Impatiens sakeriana. We measured the length of pedicels and peduncles (PedPed length), which can make the flowers difficult to reach while the bird perches on the stem, and determined if it influenced sunbird hovering or perching at a flower. Detailed analyses of video recordings showed that sunbirds only hovered at flowers with a long PedPed, whereas they employed both foraging modes when an adequate perch was available. A hovering sunbird could deplete nectar in a shorter time than a perching one. The frequency of visits was not greater at flowers with longer PedPed or with more open I. sakeriana flowers in the vicinity. Our study provides evidence that sunbird behavior does not follow simple energetic models, and that some sunbird pollination systems in the Old World resemble highly specialized hummingbird systems in the New World much more than expected, especially the overall adaptation of the system to bird hovering.

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“…(Johnson 1996) and many Iridaceae species (Goldblatt and Manning 2006) have thick stems to support avian pollinators in perching. Syncolostemon densiflorus (Lamiaceae) has a compact terminal inflorescence that enables feeding from a single perching position (Ford and Johnson 2008). Strelitzia nicolai (Musaceae) creates a perch from anther‐sheath and stigma (Frost and Frost 1981) and Babiana ringens (Iridaceae) facilitates perching by an unusual sterile inflorescence axis (Anderson et al 2005).…”

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confidence: 99%

Hovering sunbirds in the Old World: occasional behaviour or evolutionary trend?

Janeček

Patáčová

Bartoš

et al. 2010

Oikos

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Th e nectarivory of sunbirds in the Old World and hummingbirds in the New World evolved independently. While both groups are specialised in their feeding apparatuses, hummingbirds are moreover famous for their adaptations to sustained hovering fl ight. Recently, an example of a pollination system of the invasive plant Nicotiana glauca has been used to show that less adapted sunbirds also are frequently able to hover. Nevertheless, the question has remained why plants adapted to bird hovering pollination do not occur outside the New World. In this paper we show that the long-peduncle Cameroonian Impatiens sakeriana is not capable of autonomous selfi ng and can be pollinated only by two often hovering sunbirds, the Cameroon sunbird Cyanomitra oritis and the northern double-collared sunbird Cinnyris reichenowi . Our study revealed that this plant is highly specialised for pollination by C. oritis . Cinnyris reichenowi hovers less frequently and often thieves nectar by piercing the fl ower spur when perching. Th is study shows that pollination systems occurring in the Old World follow similar evolutionary trends as systems including hovering hummingbirds in the New World.

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Floral traits, pollinators and breeding systems in Syncolostemon (Lamiaceae)

Cited by 12 publications

References 26 publications

Variation in the Breeding System of Prunella vulgaris L.

Variation in the Breeding System of Prunella vulgaris L.

Sunbird hovering behavior is determined by both the forager and resource plant

Hovering sunbirds in the Old World: occasional behaviour or evolutionary trend?

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