Floral Volatile Organic Compounds of Mitchella repens (Rubiaceae)

Abstract

Mitchella repens (partridgeberry; family Rubiaceae) is a creeping, understory plant native to eastern North America. The twinned, tubular flowers of this distylous plant are bright white and produce volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Partridgeberry has intermorph incompatibility and thus requires pollinators to move pollen from one morph to the other. Despite partridgeberry being a common member of forest communities, little is known about its pollination syndrome. Using headspace solid‐phase microextraction (HS‐SPME) coupled with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis the floral VOCs were identified, with the four predominant molecules being α‐pinene, camphene, D‐limonene, and verbenone. The VOC profile contained 27 molecules consisting mostly of monoterpenes. Two independent sample t‐tests confirmed that each morph produced statistically similar floral VOC profiles (p > 0.1). Additionally, two of the predominant VOC molecules, α‐pinene and D‐limonene, were measured throughout the 5‐day flowering cycle. Simple linear regressions of these compound levels versus days after flowering (DAF) confirmed that α‐pinene and D‐limonene both decreased with flower age. Insect visits were observed to correlate with α‐pinene and D‐limonene concentrations, peaking at 1–2 DAF and then declining through 5 DAF.