Flow and pH Modelling to Study the Effects of Liming in Regulated, Acid Salmon Rivers

Bjerknes, V.; Tjomsland, Torulv

doi:10.1007/978-94-007-0810-5_82

Cited by 2 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…The most common approach is to control water pH or alkalinity to allow the passage or successful reproduction of target fish species (Hindar and Henriksen 1992;Bjerknes and Tjomsland 2001), or to simply allow basic survival of populations with unique genetic traits (Snucins et al 1995;Gunn and Mills 1998). One example of how this would be done is using the work of Holt et al (2003).…”

Section: Why Liming?mentioning

confidence: 98%

“…First, streams and rivers known to be important for fish passage can be directly targeted and their chemistry carefully controlled (Hindar and Henriksen 1992;Bjerknes and Tjomsland 2001). Secondly, pH and calcium content of the target streams can be varied on a continuous basis to optimum levels in order to protect the species under consideration, as well as to reduce waste of liming agents.…”

Section: Addition Of Buffering Materials Directly To Running Watersmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Liming for the mitigation of acid rain effects in freshwaters: A review of recent results

Clair¹,

Hindar²

2005

Environ. Rev.

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Acid rain has affected freshwater ecosystems for more than 50 years in much of northern Europe and North America. The acidification of waters, along with concurrent reduction in acid neutralization capacity, has caused deleterious changes to aquatic populations in much of these regions. To reverse some of the changes to aquatic ecosystems, a number of governmental and nongovernmental groups have applied lime and other neutralizing substances to streams, rivers, lakes, and catchments in the most affected or most ecologically valuable regions. We review the scientific literature published since the late 1980s on liming to provide an overview of successes and failures of various approaches. We discuss the rationale behind liming programs and why certain approaches may not be helpful in mitigating acidification effects under varying conditions. One of our main conclusions is that though water chemistry may be restored if only temporarily, aquatic communities probably will not return to their original states, though targeted fish species can be restored using active management approaches. The communities restored, however, are usually more unstable than those from undisturbed, or pre-acidification conditions. We also show that liming may have to be conducted for 50 to 60 years in some affected locations, which should affect the choice of approaches used in mitigation. Résumé :Les pluies acides affectent les écosystèmes d'eau douce du nord de l'Europe et de l'Amérique du Nord, depuis plus de 50 ans. Dans plusieurs de ces régions, l'acidification des eaux, ainsi que la réduction concurrente de la capacité de neutralisation des acides, a apporté des modifications néfastes dans les populations aquatiques. Afin de renverser certaines des modifications dans les systèmes aquatiques, un nombre de groupes gouvernementaux et non-gouvernementaux ont appliqué de la chaux, et autres substances neutralisantes, aux ruisseaux, aux rivières, aux lacs et aux bassins versants dans les régions les plus affectées, ou les plus importantes écologiquement. Les auteurs passent en revue la littérature scientifique depuis la fin des années 1980, sur le chaulage, afin de définir les succès et les échecs de différentes approches. Ils discutent la logique soutenant ces programmes et pourquoi certaines approches pourraient ne pas être utiles, pour mitiger les effets de l'acidification dans certaines conditions. Une des conclusions principales est que bien qu'on puisse corriger la chimie de l'eau, ne fusse que temporairement, les communautés aquatiques ne retourneront probablement pas à leur état d'origine, bien les espèces de poisson ciblées puissent être restaurées avec l'aide de techniques d'aménagement. Cependant, les communautés restaurées sont généralement moins stables que celles de milieux non-perturbés, ou celles de conditions antécédentes à l'acidification. Les auteurs montrent également que le chaulage a pu être pratiqué au cours des 50-60 dernières années dans certaines régions affectées, ce qui devrait influencer le choix des approches ...

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Section: Why Liming?mentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Addition Of Buffering Materials Directly To Running Watersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Liming for the mitigation of acid rain effects in freshwaters: A review of recent results

Clair¹,

Hindar²

2005

Environ. Rev.

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“…In recent years, various pH modeling approaches have been developed. These range from simple empirical correlations (Bjerknes and Tjomsland, 2001), over neural network approaches (Moatar et al, 1999), to mechanistic biogeochemical models that include reactive transport descriptions of varying complexity (e.g. Luff et al, 2001;Jourabchi et al, 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A step-by-step procedure for pH model construction in aquatic systems

et al. 2008

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Abstract. We present, by means of a simple example, a comprehensive step-by-step procedure to consistently derive a pH model of aquatic systems. As pH modelling is inherently complex, we make every step of the model generation process explicit, thus ensuring conceptual, mathematical, and chemical correctness. Summed quantities, such as total inorganic carbon and total alkalinity, and the influences of modeled processes on them are consistently derived. The different time scales of processes involved in the pH problem (biological and physical reactions: days; aquatic chemical reactions: fractions of seconds) give rise to a stiff equation system. Subsequent reformulations of the system reduce its stiffness, accepting higher non-linear algebraic complexity. The model is reformulated until numerically and computationally simple dynamical solutions, like a variation of the operator splitting approach (OSA) and the direct substitution approach (DSA), are obtained. As several solution methods are pointed out, connections between previous pH modelling approaches are established. The final reformulation of the system according to the DSA allows for quantification of the influences of kinetic processes on the rate of change of proton concentration in models containing multiple biogeochemical processes. These influences are calculated including the effect of re-equilibration of the system due to a set of acid-base reactions in local equilibrium. This possibility of quantifying influences of modeled processes on the pH makes the end-product of the described model generation procedure a powerful tool for understanding the internal pH dynamics of aquatic systems.

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Flow and pH Modelling to Study the Effects of Liming in Regulated, Acid Salmon Rivers

Cited by 2 publications

References 2 publications

Liming for the mitigation of acid rain effects in freshwaters: A review of recent results

Liming for the mitigation of acid rain effects in freshwaters: A review of recent results

A step-by-step procedure for pH model construction in aquatic systems

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