Flow behavior impact on the suppression effectiveness of sub-10-μm water drops in propane/air co-flow non-premixed flames

Fisher, Brian T.; Awtry, Andrew R.; Sheinson, Ronald S.; Fleming, James W.

doi:10.1016/j.proci.2006.07.023

Cited by 55 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…The droplet size was varied from 4 to 32 µm to study its effect on the extinction droplet concentration. The predicted extinction concentrations of water for 4 and 8 µm sizes are consistent with the experimental measurements of Fisher et al [27] for 6.2 µm average size (D 10 ) drops.…”

supporting

confidence: 88%

“…Ananth et al [28] showed that 4 µm monodispersed droplets evaporate at the 100 0 C isotherm, which is well outside the reaction zone of the flame. They also showed that the predicted extinction concentration for 6 µm drops is in excellent agreement with that measured in the experiments of Fisher et al [27]. Shilling et al [29] conducted experiments on the ultra fine water mist (8.2 µm volume median diameter) extinction of heptane pool flame formed in a cup-burner.…”

supporting

confidence: 66%

“…Recently, Fisher et al [27] performed experiments on UFM (polydispersed, D 10 =6.2 µm) extinction of a co-flow, diffusion flame formed between two concentric jets of air and propane, similar to the geometry considered in the current paper. They performed flow particle imaging velocimetry and flame imaging to show that the water drops evaporate well outside the flame, and the water vapor is entrained at the base of the flame.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As the water concentration is increased, the flame base lifts up from the burner and blows-off at extinction. Fisher et al [27] reported that the flame extinguished at 12.5% mass of water drops (D 10 =6.2 μm) in inlet air, which is saturated with water vapor (1.4 mass %). The co-flow geometry and the flow rates of air and propane considered in the experiments of Fisher et al [27] are similar to those considered in the recent computational work of Ananth et al [28].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Fisher et al [27] reported that the flame extinguished at 12.5% mass of water drops (D 10 =6.2 μm) in inlet air, which is saturated with water vapor (1.4 mass %). The co-flow geometry and the flow rates of air and propane considered in the experiments of Fisher et al [27] are similar to those considered in the recent computational work of Ananth et al [28]. Ananth et al [28] showed that 4 µm monodispersed droplets evaporate at the 100 0 C isotherm, which is well outside the reaction zone of the flame.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Extinction Dynamics of a Co-flow Diffusion Flame by Very Small Water Droplets Injected into the Air Stream

Ananth¹,

Mowrey²

2008

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Standard Form 298 (Rev. 8-98)Prescribed by ANSI Std. Z39.18Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing this collection of information. Computations are performed to examine the effectiveness of mono-disperse water droplets in extinguishing a co-flow, propane diffusion flame by injecting the droplets into the air stream. The calculations show that the droplets entrained into the reaction kernel at the flame base are crucial for extinction. The reaction kernel detaches from the burner rim and blows-off when the droplet concentration is increased to a critical value (extinction concentration). At the critical value, the maximum chain-branching reaction (H2+O=OH+H) rate in the reaction kernel was found to be reduced by a factor of 5 in our computations. A large decrease in the reaction rate indicates that the maximum heat generations rate and Damkholer number are too low to sustain the flame, and cause the flame blow-off. Large drops are more effective than small drops, and the extinction concentration of water increases from 10.5% to 15% by mass as the size is reduced from 32 to 4 micro m. As the droplet size is increased further (>32 micro m), the trend will reverse as the evaporation rates get too small despite increased penetration of flame core by the drops. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) SPONSOR / MONITOR'S ACRONYM(S) 9. SPONSORING / MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) SPONSOR / MONITOR'S REPORT NUMBER(S) 28-07-2008Memorandum Report

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confidence: 88%

supporting

confidence: 66%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Extinction Dynamics of a Co-flow Diffusion Flame by Very Small Water Droplets Injected into the Air Stream

Ananth¹,

Mowrey²

2008

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Extinguishment of hydrocarbon pool fires by ultrafine water mist with ammonium/amidogen compound in an improved cup burner

Liang

et al. 2018

Fire and Materials

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Summary Ultrafine water mist (UFWM) (<10 μm), as a total flooding agent, has been proven to overcome obstructions in extinguishing fire. To examine the efficacy of UFWM extinguishing pool fires and reveal the primary fire extinguishing mechanisms of heat adsorption, a predictive model of minimum extinguishing concentration (MEC) is developed based on heat extraction, and the experimental data of MECs were obtained with an improved cup burner. The contribution of heat adsorption is about 25% to 50%, and turbulence effect also plays an important role in extinguishing fire. To improve fire inhibition effectiveness of UFWM by turbulence effect, CO (NH2)2, NH4HCO3, and (NH4)2HPO4 were selected as additives; KCl and KH2PO4 were also chosen for comparison purpose. It is discovered that CO (NH2)2 and (NH4)2HPO4 in the low concentrations can improve the fire extinction effectiveness except NH4HCO3. CO (NH2)2 has the most contribution to fire extinction at the optimum concentration (about 0.01 mol L−1 for n‐heptane fire and 0.03 mol L−1 for ethanol fire). Moreover, CO (NH2)2 (at 0.03 mol L−1) was dramatically better than KH2PO4 in extinguishing ethanol fire, and its effect is very close to that of KCl (at 0.067 mol L−1) for ethanol fire.

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Evaluating the suppression effectiveness of hybrid nitrogen and water mist with a cup burner coflowing flame

Zheng

et al. 2021

Fire and Materials

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Flow behavior impact on the suppression effectiveness of sub-10-μm water drops in propane/air co-flow non-premixed flames

Cited by 55 publications

References 11 publications

Extinction Dynamics of a Co-flow Diffusion Flame by Very Small Water Droplets Injected into the Air Stream

Extinction Dynamics of a Co-flow Diffusion Flame by Very Small Water Droplets Injected into the Air Stream

Extinguishment of hydrocarbon pool fires by ultrafine water mist with ammonium/amidogen compound in an improved cup burner

Evaluating the suppression effectiveness of hybrid nitrogen and water mist with a cup burner coflowing flame

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