Flow injection amperometric sensor with a carbon nanotube modified screen printed electrode for determination of hydroquinone

A Review on the Effects of Introducing CNTs in the Modification Process of Electrochemical Sensors

“…This system has a detection limit of 0.1 mM [70]. In a project for improving the sensitivity in the determination of quinone, a screen printed carbon electrode (SPCE) modified with CNT demonstrated best operation implying that CNT accelerates the transfer of electron to quinone.…”

In Situ Growth of Flexible Polyphenylene-Conjugated Microporous Polymer Films for Fluorescence Detection of the Total Quantity of Developing Agents and Their Oxidation Products

“…Generally, there are all sorts of developers, common structures of them including hydroquinone, paracetamol or two of benzene amine chemical structures, which could be oxidized hydrolysis and generated p-benzoquinone [28]. According to the corresponding conversion ratio from the developer to p- Fig.…”

“…Both the developers and p-benzoquinone have high toxicity, which are usually difficult to be decomposed in the ecological environment and highly harm to human health in a certain concentration [24]. Various techniques have been used to quantify p-benzoquinone such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) [25], UV-Vis spectrophotometry [26], chemiluminescence [27] and electrochemical techniques [28][29][30]. Compared with other methods, the strategy of film sensing has advantages of higher sensitivity, lower testing cost and rapid detection.…”

Versatile Electrochemical Platform for the Determination of Phenol‐like Compounds Based on Laccases from Different Origins

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1Introduction

Phenol-like compounds are present in more diverse ways in everydayl ife.T hey work as neurotransmitters in our nervouss ystem (dopamine,n orepinephrine)[ 1],a nd, on the other hand phenolic derivatives are ubiquitous present in wastewaters from industrial processes,s uch as coal conversion, petroleum refining and food and chemical production [2].

Laccases are copper-containinge nzymes able to catalyze the oxidation of aw idev ariety of organic and inorganic substrates,i ncluding mono-, di-andp olyphenols,a s well as amino phenols, with the concomitant four electron reduction of oxygen to water [3].T hey are widely distributed in nature and although their high conservation,t hey can be distinguished by their redoxp otentiala nd working pH. This diversity opens am yriad of opportunities to design sensors aiming to asubstrate in ag iven environment.Thed evelopment of electrochemicals ensors is one of the areas of greater and faster growth in analytical chemistry and process monitoring that led to an increasing searchf or devices with improved reproducibility, sensitivity and stability.D espite the great versatility and perspectives shown by electrochemical sensors,t he utility of an electrode is usually limited by the gradual fouling of its surface.S uch problem can be minimized with the use of disposable electrodes.S ome basic characteristics for an electrode to be considered ad isposable device are:l ow cost of construction, reproducibility and possibility of large-scale production [4,5].I nt his sense,s creen printing is perhaps the most suitable technology for the construction of disposable electrodes[ 6],w ith some recent examples devoted to the determinationo fp henol-like compounds usingl accases [7][8][9].H owever, in all thesew ork the working pH is limited to 5d ue to the type of laccase used. This diversity opens am yriad of opportunities to design sensors aiming to asubstrate in ag iven environment.

Thed evelopment of electrochemicals ensors is one of the areas of greater and faster growth in analytical chemistry and process monitoring that led to an increasing searchf or devices with improved reproducibility, sensitivity and stability.D espite the great versatility and perspectives shown by electrochemical sensors,t he utility of an electrode is usually limited by the gradual fouling of its surface.S uch problem can be minimized with the use of disposable electrodes.S ome basic characteristics for an electrode to be considered ad isposable device are:l ow cost of construction, reproducibility and possibility of large-scale production [4,5].I nt his sense,s creen printing is perhaps the most suitable technology for the construction of disposable electrodes[ 6],w ith some recent examples devoted to the determinationo fp henol-like compounds usingl accases [7][8][9].H owever, in all thesew ork the working pH is limited to 5d ue to the type of laccase used.

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“…Thed evelopment of electrochemicals ensors is one of the areas of greater and faster growth in analytical chemistry and process monitoring that led to an increasing searchf or devices with improved reproducibility, sensitivity and stability.D espite the great versatility and perspectives shown by electrochemical sensors,t he utility of an electrode is usually limited by the gradual fouling of its surface.S uch problem can be minimized with the use of disposable electrodes.S ome basic characteristics for an electrode to be considered ad isposable device are:l ow cost of construction, reproducibility and possibility of large-scale production [4,5].I nt his sense,s creen printing is perhaps the most suitable technology for the construction of disposable electrodes [ 6],w ith some recent examples devoted to the determinationo fp henol-like compounds usingl accases [7][8][9].H owever, in all thesew ork the working pH is limited to 5d ue to the type of laccase used. Another pointtobeconsidered, is the measurement technique,i nt his case an important differenceh as to be made if ap ulsedv oltammetry or chronoamperometry is used, since the first one needs mores ophisticatedi nstrumentation.…”