Flow injection determination of papaverine based on its sensitizing effect on the chemiluminescence reaction of permanganate-sulfite

Abstract

A novel chemiluminescence (CL) method for the determination of papaverine (PAP) has been developed by combining the flow injection technique and its sensitizing effect on the weak CL reaction between sulfite and acidic permanganate. A mechanism for the CL reaction has been proposed on the basis of fluorescent and chemiluminescence spectra. The CL response is proportional to the concentration of PAP over the range 0.2-10 micro mol L(-1). The detection limit of PAP is 0.10 micro mol L(-1) (3 s) with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 2.0% for 10 repetitive determinations of 1.0 micro mol L(-1) PAP. Interferences from other alkaloids in the opium, such as morphine and codeine, are negligible except that of narcotine. The method has been satisfactorily used for the determination of PAP in injections and compound liquorice tablets.

Chemiluminescence and electrochemiluminescence detection of controlled drugs

“…Under suitable conditions, the oxidation of sulfite is accompanied by a weak emission of light,100 which is often ascribed to the formation of electronically excited sulfur dioxide (first postulated over three decades ago by Stauff and Jaeschke101). The emission intensity is significantly enhanced by a variety of compounds (such as riboflavin,102 quinine,103 noscapine,104 papaverine,105 atropine,106 carbofuran107 and 3‐cyclohexylaminopropane sulfonic acid102), which can be exploited for quantitative detection. In cases in which the compounds or their oxidation products are fluorescent, the mechanism of enhancement generally involves energy transfer to the more efficient fluorophore, but the light‐producing pathways for other enhancers are yet to be fully elucidated 108, 109…”

“…Several FIA procedures for the determination of opioids and related compounds in pharmaceutical formulations and other simple matrices have been reported: buprenorphine with permanganate;78 noscapine and papaverine based on their enhancing effect on the chemiluminescence oxidation of sulfite;104, 105 codeine with Ru(bipy) 3 2+ (electrochemiluminescence);60 and codeine and noscapine with tris(1,10‐phenanthroline)ruthenium(II) (and cerium(IV)) 141. Limits of detection for these procedures were generally around 10 −8 M. Miniaturized integrated devices for electrochemiluminescence detection with immobilized Ru(bipy) 3 2+ (or related complexes) have also been applied to the determination of codeine in pharmaceutical preparations 113, 114.…”

Rapid Flow-Injection Method for the Determination of Colistin by Sensitized Chemiluminescence Using the Acidic Permanganate–Sulfite System

“…Stauff and Jaeschke (1978) studied the oxidation of sulfur dioxide with acidic potassium permanganate and proposed a mechanism to explain the CL reaction involving sulfite oxidation to produce an excited molecule of sulfur dioxide, which emits radiation in the range of 300-550 nm (Psarellis et al 1994). The energy of the excited molecule can be transferred to a fluorescent molecule added into the system (Zhuang et al 2003) to obtain greater quantum efficiency, which allows its determination. Another way to enhance the CL emission is the use of nonfluorescent compounds that are capable of amplifying the emission (sensitizers) through several mechanisms (Al-Tamrah, Townshend, and Wheatley 1987;Zhuang and Song 2007).…”

Flow-injection potentiometric and conductometric determination of papaverine hydrochloride in the parent substance and a related pharmaceutical preparation

“…Pap-HCl has been determined by various techniques, including chromatography [2,3], spectrophotometry [4,5], potentiometry [6 -9], GC/MS [10], chemiluminescence [11,12], capillary electrophoresis [13,14], Raman spectroscopy [15], atomic absorption [16], extractive titration [17], coulometry [18], alkalimetric two-phase titration [19], and cerimetry [20].…”