Flow Rate and inlet temperature considerations for direct immersion of a single server in mineral oil

Eiland, Richard; Fernandes, John; Vallejo, Marianna; Agonafer, Dereje; Mulay, Veerendra

doi:10.1109/itherm.2014.6892350

Cited by 19 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…server fans). The commonly used dielectric fluids have a much higher heat capacity than air [10], [24]. Most liquids used in immersion cooling are white mineral oil, engineered electric fluids, and other oils [16], [24].…”

Section: Immersion Coolingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The PUE of immersion-cooled data centers is close to perfection, about 1.02-1.04 [8], [9], [10], [11], [12] which shows that these centers consume 10-50% less energy compared to their air-cooled counterparts, for the same amount of computational load. In addition, compared to the air, common dielectric fluids have a much higher heat capacity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Enough Hot Air: The Role of Immersion Cooling

Haghshenas¹,

Setz²,

Bloch³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Air cooling is the traditional solution to chill servers in data centers. However, the continuous increase in global data center energy consumption combined with the increase of the racks' power dissipation calls for the use of more efficient alternatives. Immersion cooling is one such alternative. In this paper, we quantitatively examine and compare air cooling and immersion cooling solutions. The examined characteristics include power usage efficiency (PUE), computing and power density, cost, and maintenance overheads. A direct comparison shows a reduction of about 50% in energy consumption and a reduction of about two-thirds of the occupied space, by using immersion cooling. In addition, the higher heat capacity of used liquids in immersion cooling compared to air allows for much higher rack power densities. Moreover, immersion cooling requires less capital and operational expenditures. However, challenging maintenance procedures together with the increased number of IT failures are the main downsides. By selecting immersion cooling, cloud providers must trade-off the decrease in energy and cost and the increase in power density with its higher maintenance and reliability concerns. Finally, we argue that retrofitting an air-cooled data center with immersion cooling will result in high costs and is generally not recommended.

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Section: Immersion Coolingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enough Hot Air: The Role of Immersion Cooling

Haghshenas¹,

Setz²,

Bloch³

et al. 2022

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…where l is the dynamic viscosity in centipoise, T is the temperature in C, and C 1 is a coefficient for scaling (a value of 0.0013573 is provided in the reference for transformer oil). The interdependence of viscosity with Reynolds number (Re), Reynolds number with friction factor (f), and friction factor with pressure drop (Dp) for laminar flow [26,27] l / 1 Re / f / Dp (4) should eventually manifest itself in the pumping power of the system by the relation…”

Section: Fig 4 Typical Test Duration and Establishing Steady-state Cmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal Performance and Efficiency of a Mineral Oil Immersed Server Over Varied Environmental Operating Conditions

Eiland

Fernandes

Vallejo

et al. 2017

Journal of Electronic Packaging

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Complete immersion of servers in dielectric mineral oil has recently become a promising technique for minimizing cooling energy consumption in data centers. However, a lack of sufficient published data and long-term documentation of oil immersion cooling performance make most data center operators hesitant to apply these approaches to their mission critical facilities. In this study, a single server was fully submerged horizontally in mineral oil. Experiments were conducted to observe the effects of varying the volumetric flow rate and oil inlet temperature on thermal performance and power consumption of the server. Specifically, temperature measurements of the central processing units (CPUs), motherboard (MB) components, and bulk fluid were recorded at steady-state conditions. These results provide an initial bounding envelope of environmental conditions suitable for an oil immersion data center. Comparing with results from baseline tests performed with traditional air cooling, the technology shows a 34.4% reduction in the thermal resistance of the system. Overall, the cooling loop was able to achieve partial power usage effectiveness (pPUECooling) values as low as 1.03. This server level study provides a preview of possible facility energy savings by utilizing high temperature, low flow rate oil for cooling. A discussion on additional opportunities for optimization of information technology (IT) hardware and implementation of oil cooling is also included.

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“…Eiland et al operated a single server completely immersed in mineral oil, and changed the volumetric flow and oil inlet temperature [13,14]. The results show that the maximum oil inlet temperature of 45℃ can be used for cooling.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design and Optimization of an Immersion Liquid Cooling System in Internet Datacenter

Song¹,

Liu²,

Li³

et al. 2021

IJHT

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With the development of high-performance chips, the heat flux of Internet datacenter (IDC) is on the rise, and heat dissipation becomes a major bottleneck of IDC development. The cooling needs of the IDC room can hardly be met by the traditional method of air cooling. In recent years, immersion liquid cooling has attracted a growing attention, due to its excellent performance. This paper designs and optimizes an immersion liquid cooling system for IDC. Multiple numerical simulations were carried out to analyze the influence of the system parameters on heat dissipation, and improve the system efficiency using a dielectric coolant. Specifically, 20 graphics processing units (GPUs) and 2 central processing units (CPUs) were set up in each machine of the liquid cooling server. Then, the GPU and CPU temperature was examined under different opening positions on the server top plate, inlet coolant temperatures, and coolant flow speeds. The results show that a 30mm-wide, 430mm-long opening should be set at the upper part of the GPU array, 20mm away from the top plate. The cooling effect can be optimized at the inlet temperature of 30℃, and the coolant flow speed of 3m3/h.

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Flow Rate and inlet temperature considerations for direct immersion of a single server in mineral oil

Cited by 19 publications

References 13 publications

Enough Hot Air: The Role of Immersion Cooling

Enough Hot Air: The Role of Immersion Cooling

Thermal Performance and Efficiency of a Mineral Oil Immersed Server Over Varied Environmental Operating Conditions

Design and Optimization of an Immersion Liquid Cooling System in Internet Datacenter

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