Flow Visualization

Atkins, Michael D.; Boer, Michael

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-809731-1.00002-2

Cited by 6 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…The angle of the sensor depended on the plastic covers used; red, blue, and a combination of both covers. Blue and red covers were used as these colours are suitable for infrared sensor detection 7 , thus these specific colours can provide a more accurate result. The plastic covers were placed directly outside the enclosure box, parallel to the IR sensor emitter and detector, so that the ray can be transmitted from the enclosure box and pass through the plastic cover without an obstacle in between.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Raspberry Pi microcontroller was programmed to calculate distance and presence of the human body inside the cubicle (See underlying data) 9 . IR sensor used analogue voltage input from the Raspberry Pi.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…MCP3008 chip was used to convert digital output to analogue input for the IR sensor (Figure 4). This chip has eight output channels, and it connects to the Raspberry Pi by using a Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) serial connection 9 . SPI is a protocol for synchronous serial data, that interacts very easily with one or more computers.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Underlying data: Figshare: An overview of infrared sensor's capability in Internet of Things implementation DOI: https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.16571331 9 This project contains the following underlying data: Data file. This file contains all the data that was generated from our analysis.…”

Section: Data Availabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

The accuracy of Infrared sensor detection in a smart toilet

2021

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Background: Infrared (IR) sensors are useful tools for detecting distance and proximity. However, these sensors are not good at detecting edges of an area, therefore when used in a smart toilet it has difficulty in detecting the orientation and position of the user’s body. The aim of this study was to design an IR sensor for a smart toilet with a more accurate and consistent detection. Methods: A total of 12(six men and six women) participants with different body types were involved in this study. IR sensor detection was tested in the sitting and squatting toilets. For the best accuracy, the IR sensor's angle was measured. Red, blue, and red-blue plastic covers were used, as these colors improve precision. The microcontroller was set up to calculate the participant’s distance and presence in the cubicle. Results: Toilet positioning varied greatly depending on whether one is sitting or squatting. For sitting toilet, the red cover was close to the accurate distance at a 172˚ angle. IR detected a man but not a woman's body. The blue cover provided the same best angle of 172˚ with a higher sensor distance. When the red and blue cover combination was applied, the reading of 141cm detected both men and women, at 172˚ angle. The actual distance for squatting toilets was 158cm. The optimal angle for both red and blue covers was 176˚, however the sensor distance was greater for the blue cover. Finally, the red and blue cover combination gave a more accurate distance of up to 163cm from the actual reading, when detecting both genders at a normal angle of 76˚. Conclusion: The combination of red and blue cover gave the most accurate detection for the squatting and sitting toilets. The best angle for sitting was 172˚, and for squatting was 176˚.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Data Availabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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The accuracy of Infrared sensor detection in a smart toilet

2021

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“…Instruments in WTL facility is subject to the scope and objective of the investigation namely auxiliary mechanical behavior data acquisition system [17]- [19], flow visualization [20]- [22], fluid flow factors [23], [24] and WTL flow condition [25], [26]. Instruments such as torque transducer [27], [28], pressure transducer [29], [30] and strain-gauge sensor or load cell [31]- [33] is required to investigated the properties of a body influence under flow.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Low-Cost Digital Torquemeter Coordinated by Arduino Board

Ashwindran,

Azizuddin,

Oumer

2023

IJIE

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Torquemeter is a transducer for measuring rotational force and converting it into electronic output signal. In this paper, the techniques to fabricate a low cost yet effective torquemeter system is introduced. The device is calibrated and tested to prove it effectiveness and robustness. Thesystem is developed to investigate thetorquegeneratedbywind turbinesystem.The presented torquemeter system comprisesof two subsystemsnamely photointerrupter (primary) and load cell (secondary).The reliability of the developed system is analyzed bystages in order to verify the effectiveness in acquiring measurementnamely RPM, weight (load) and torque. It is found that 5 kg load cell illustratedunsteady noise behavior relative to the defined calibration weight. Meanwhile, the percentage of accuracy (Pa) of final 3threading is Pa= 94.709 %, 97.32 %, 98.826 % for 10 g, 20 g and 100 g respectively.Measurement acquired from torquemeter system is compared against2D CFD numerical modelunder similar flow condition. Resultsshows that themeasurement of torquemeter system is Mt= 0.731842 and as for CFD model is Mt= 0.82553 which results in error (%) of Pe= 11.35 %. However,the CFD numerical model has overpredicted moment value since it has compensated the blockage factor and external environmental factors. It is safe to say, that the presented instrument is applicable and feasible for WT torque acquisition.

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Development of a Flow Visualization Technique in Wind Tunnel for Hydrokinetic Turbine Application

Ismail

Kamaruddin

2020

IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng.

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A smoke wire technique was developed in a wind tunnel to visualize a drag-driven turbine flow structure for hydrokinetic application. A Nichrome wire with a diameter of 0.5 mm was initially heated and then coated with Safex oil to illustrate the streamlines that represent the turbine flow characteristics. The developed smoke wire oil coating technique was compared at airflow speeds of 3 m/s to 10 m/s to represent equivalent water flow speed corresponding to Reynolds numbers (Re) of 29, 563 to Re = 98, 543, respectively. Several parameters that influence the turbine flow patterns, such as the diameter of wire and oil coating technique, were tested in the wind tunnel to investigate the effect of these parameters to visualize the stream lines at low and high speed case. The qualitative result based on these various configurations was analyzed and discussed in this paper to identify the most practical flow visualization technique in a wind tunnel that could effectively be captured to represent the turbine flow structure for hydrokinetic application.

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Flow Visualization

Cited by 6 publications

References 29 publications

The accuracy of Infrared sensor detection in a smart toilet

The accuracy of Infrared sensor detection in a smart toilet

A Low-Cost Digital Torquemeter Coordinated by Arduino Board

Development of a Flow Visualization Technique in Wind Tunnel for Hydrokinetic Turbine Application

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