Flower Colors and their Anthocyanins in Matthiola incana Cultivars (Brassicaceae)

Abstract

The flower colors and anthocyanin constitution of eight cultivars of Vintage series bedding Stock (Matthiola incana) were surveyed to determine the relation between their flower colors and anthocyanin components. Thirteen anthocyanins were isolated from the flowers of these cultivars as major anthocyanins, and their structures were identified by chemical and spectroscopic techniques. Among them, a novel anthocyanin, cyanidin 3-caffeoylsambubioside-5-malonyl-glucoside (pigment 1) was found in single and double flowers in cultivars of 'Vintage Lavender' and 'Vintage Burgundy'. Furthermore, two anthocyanins, cyanidin 3-p-coumaroyl-sambubioside-5-malonyl-glucoside (pigment 2) and cyanidin 3-feruloyl-sambubioside-5-malonyl-glucoside (pigment 3), were also found in these cultivars for the first time in Matthiola incana flowers. Regarding the flower color variation in these cultivars, the hue values (b*/a*) of these flower colors were roughly responsible for the numbers of hydroxycinnamic acid residues in anthocyanin molecules and also hydroxyl patterns of the B-ring in anthocyanidins. These flower colors were classified into eight groups, A-H, based on the hue values of their flowers, and were arranged as follows. In violet flowers (hue values b*/a* = −0.66 and −0.69, V 84A) of group A, cyanidin 3-dihydroxycinnamoyl-sambubioside-5-malonyl-glucosides were major anthocyanin pigments. In purple flowers (−0.43 and −0.45, P 75A) and red-purple flowers (−0.14 and −0.16, RP 74A) of groups B and D, pelargonidin 3-dihydroxycinnamoyl-sambubioside-5-malonyl-glucosides were major anthocyanin pigments. In red-purple flowers (−0.21 and −0.24, RP 72A) of group C, cyanidin 3-monohydroxycinnamoyl-sambubioside-5-malonyl-glucosides were major anthocyanin pigments. In red flowers (0.05 and 0.06, RP 66A) of group E, pelargonidin 3-monohydroxycinnamoyl-sambubioside-5-malonyl-glucosides were major anthocyanin pigments. In copper (0.23 and 0.16, R 54A) and peach (2.37 and 2.09, R38C) of groups F and G, pelargonidin 3-glucoside was a major anthocyanin pigment, and a small amount of pelargonidin 3-glucoside was present in yellow flowers of group H. From these results, the relation between flower colors and the bluing effects of acylated anthocyanins with hydroxycinnamic acids was discussed in flowers of Matthiola incana cultivars of Vintage series.

Tobacco streak virus (strain dahlia) suppresses post-transcriptional gene silencing of flavone synthase II in black dahlia cultivars and causes a drastic flower color change

“…We previously proposed that cyanidin-based anthocyanins contribute much more to lowering L* (described as the ''darkness unit'') than equivalent levels of pelargonidin-based anthocyanins ). In Matthiola incana, 'Vintage Burgundy' accumulates only cyanidin-based anthocyanins and has lower petal L* scores than 'Vintage Red' which accumulates nearly equal levels of pelargonidin-based anthocyanins (Tatsuzawa et al 2012), supporting the higher contribution to lowering L* of cyanidin-based anthocyanins. Cyanidin-based anthocyanins may also contribute more to lowering C*.…”

Copigmentation with Acylated Anthocyanin and Kaempferol Glycosides in Violet and Purple Flower Cultivars of Aubrieta ^|^times; cultorum (Brassicaceae)

“…× cultorum 'Royal Violet' and 'Royal Red' were shown to comprise acylated cyanidin 3-sambubioside-5-glucosides as the main anthocyanins, and these anthocyanins (1-3) were classified into the group of 3-sambubioside-5-glucoside pattern as the glycosylation of anthocyanidins. To the best of our knowledge, plants containing this group of anthocyanins are Arabidopsis (Bloor and Abrahams, 2002;Nakabayashi et al, 2009), Cheiranthus (Tatsuzawa et al, 2006), Heliophila (Saito et al, 2011b), Lobularia (Tatsuzawa et al, 2006(Tatsuzawa et al, , 2007(Tatsuzawa et al, , 2010c, Lunaria (Tatsuzawa et al, 2006), Matthiola (Saito et al, 1995(Saito et al, , 1996Tatsuzawa et al, 2012), Orychophragmus (Honda et al, 2005), and Sinapis (Takeda et al, 1988) in the family Brassicaceae. The acylation pattern of the three anthocyanins (1-3) was rather simple, with 1 and 3 being acylated with one molecule each of hydroxycinnamic acid and malonic acid, and 2 being acylated with one molecule of hydroxycinnamic acid.…”

“…In our continued work on flower color variations caused by acylated anthocyanins in the Brassicaceae, we have already reported the distribution of structurally complicated anthocyanidin glycosides in the flowers of Matthiola incana (Saito et al, 1995(Saito et al, , 1996Tatsuzawa et al, 2012), Orychophragmus violaceus (Honda et al, 2005), Cheiranthus cheiri, Lobularia maritima, Lunaria annua (Tatsuzawa et al, 2006(Tatsuzawa et al, , 2007(Tatsuzawa et al, , 2010c, Malcolmia maritima (Tatsuzawa et al, 2008a), Heliophila 276 coronopifolia (Saito et al, 2011b), Iberis umbellata (Saito et al, 2008), and Raphanus sativus (Tatsuzawa et al, 2008b). In this study, we report the structural elucidations of two new acylated cyanidin 3-sambubioside-5-glucosides and two new acylated kaempferol glycosides along with a known anthocyanin isolated from violet and purple flowers of A.…”

Quantitative Evaluation of the Contribution of Four Major Anthocyanins to Black Flower Coloring of Dahlia Petals

“…85 (4): 340-350. 2016. rate of 4 mL·min −1 and monitoring at 530 nm according to a study by Tatsuzawa et al (2012). Each fraction was transferred to a Diaion HP-20 column again, and each anthocyanin was eluted from the column using 5% acetic acid in methanol, concentrated, and dried.…”

“…Stock [Matthiola incana (L.) W.T.Aiton] 'Vintage Burgundy', which has a higher proportion of Cy, has been shown to have lower L* than 'Vintage Red', which has a lower proportion of Cy (higher proportion of Pg) (Tatsuzawa et al, 2012), as in dahlias. However, a Hippeastrum (Hippeastrum hybridum) cultivar, 'Royal Velvet', which has a higher proportion of Cy, showed almost the same L* and higher C* than 'Liberty', which has a lower proportion of Cy (Byamukama et al, 2006).…”