Flower structure and development in Tupidanthus calyptratus (Araliaceae): an extreme case of polymery among asterids

Sokoloff, Dmitry D.; Oskolski, Alexei A.; Remizowa, Margarita V.; Nuraliev, Maxim S.

doi:10.1007/s00606-007-0559-5

Cited by 42 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…Especially high numbers have been recorded from Monimiaceae (2000 carpels in fl owers of Tambourissa fi cus , Lorence, 1985 ) and Ranunculaceae (10 000 carpels in Laccopetalum giganteum , Tamura, 1995 ). Among fl owers with syncarpous gynoecia, the highest number of carpels ( " only " up to 200) occurs in Tupidanthus calyptratus (Araliaceae) ( Endress, 2002 ;Sokoloff et al, 2007 ).…”

Section: Synorganization Between Perianth and Androeciummentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolutionary diversification of the flowers in angiosperms

Endress

2011

American J of Botany

280

252

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Angiosperms and their flowers have greatly diversified into an overwhelming array of forms in the past 135 million years. Diversification was shaped by changes in climate and the biological environment (vegetation, interaction with other organisms) and by internal structural constraints and potentials. This review focuses on the development and structural diversity of flowers and structural constraints. It traces floral diversification in the different organs and organ complexes (perianth, androecium, gynoecium) through the major clades of extant angiosperms. The continuously improved results of molecular phylogenetics provide the framework for this endeavor, which is necessary for the understanding of the biology of the angiosperms and their flowers. Diversification appears to work with innovations and modifications of form. Many structural innovations originated in several clades and in special cases could become key innovations, which likely were hot spots of diversification. Synorganization between organs was an important process to reach new structural levels, from which new diversifications originated. Complexity of synorganization reached peaks in Orchidaceae and Apocynaceae with the independent evolution of pollinaria. Such a review throughout the major clades of angiosperms also shows how superficial and fragmentary our knowledge on floral structure in many clades is. Fresh studies and a multidisciplinary approach are needed.

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Section: Synorganization Between Perianth and Androeciummentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolutionary diversification of the flowers in angiosperms

Endress

2011

American J of Botany

280

252

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“…Gynoecia of this sort occur as extreme forms both among monocots and eudicots ( Sokoloff et al, 2007b ;Rudall, 2008 ;Nuraliev et al, in press ). Gynoecia of this sort occur as extreme forms both among monocots and eudicots ( Sokoloff et al, 2007b ;Rudall, 2008 ;Nuraliev et al, in press ).…”

Section: Interpreting Centrolepidaceae Reproductive Units As Fl Owersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Poales -Applying a pseudanthial interpretation to the gynoecium of Centrolepis would create a considerable morphological gap between the reproductive ing " the whorl or by its folding. Gynoecia of this sort occur as extreme forms both among monocots and eudicots ( Sokoloff et al, 2007b ;Rudall, 2008 ;Nuraliev et al, in press ). The peculiar carpel arrangement of Centrolepis in two rows along a stalklike structure could be regarded as a functionally similar phenomenon.…”

Section: Interpreting Centrolepidaceae Reproductive Units As Fl Owersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphology and development of the gynoecium in Centrolepidaceae: The most remarkable range of variation in Poales

Sokoloff

Remizowa

Linder

et al. 2009

American J of Botany

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This paper explores the relative impacts of reduction and polymerization on the evolution of reproductive structures in the small but morphologically diverse family Centrolepidaceae. Centrolepidaceae are closely related to Restionaceae and belong to the large order Poales, which also includes the grasses. In the largest genus of Centrolepidaceae, Centrolepis, the reproductive structures are viewed either as highly unusual aggregations of reduced flowers (the pseudanthial interpretation) or as unique flowers evolved through extreme reduction in the androecium, usually accompanied by a drastic increase in carpel number and elaboration of the entire gynoecium. Comparative data are here presented on gynoecia of all three genera of Centrolepidaceae; these data strongly support the latter (euanthial) interpretation. The combined phenomenon of carpel multiplication and decrease in stamen number is unexpected in a predominantly wind-pollinated lineage. Applying a pseudanthial interpretation would create a considerable morphological gap with reproductive structures of other Poales, whereas accepting a euanthial concept allows an almost continuous morphological series with related taxa.

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“…6J), Schefflera pueckleri (K.Koch) Frodin (Araliaceae) (as Tupidanthus calyptratus Hook. & Thomson) (Sokoloff et al ., , figs 65–67) and Schefflera subintegra (Craib) C.B.Shang (Araliaceae) (Nuraliev et al ., , fig. 11E).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Patterns of angiospermy development before carpel sealing across living angiosperms: diversity, and morphological and systematic aspects

Endress

2015

Bot J Linn Soc

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Almost all angiosperms are angiospermous, i.e. the ovules are enclosed in carpels at anthesis and during seed development, but angiospermy develops in different ways across angiosperms. The most common means of carpel closure is by a longitudinal ventral slit in carpels that are partly or completely free. In such carpels, the closure process commonly begins at midlength of the prospective longitudinal slit and then proceeds downward and upward. Closure by a transverse slit is rarer, but it is prominent in groups of the ANITA grade and in a few early branching monocots (some Alismatales) and some early branching eudicots (a few Ranunculaceae and Nelumbonaceae), in these eudicots combined with a more or less developed longitudinal slit. In all these cases the carpels have a single ovule in ventral median position. In ANITA lines with pluriovulate carpels, there is only a short longitudinal slit in the uniformly ascidiate carpels. In carpels with a unifacial style the closure area is narrow; this pattern is rare and scattered mainly in some wind-pollinated monocots and eudicots. In most angiosperms the carpels become closed before the ovules are visible from the outside of the still incompletely closed carpels (early carpel closure). This is notably the case in the ANITA grade and magnoliids. Delayed carpel closure, with the ovules visible before the carpels are closed, is much rarer and is concentrated in a few monocots (mainly some Alismatales and some Poales) and a few eudicots (mainly a few Ranunculales and many Caryophyllales, and scattered in some other eudicots). A kind of delayed carpel closure (with the placenta visible before closure but mostly not the ovules) also occurs in syncarpous gynoecia with a free central placenta. Most gynoecia with a free central placenta occur in the superasterids. In such gynoecia the individual carpel tips are not differentiated but the opening in young gynoecia has the shape of a circular diaphragm. In this case, when ovary septa and free carpel tips are missing, the number of carpels is sometimes unclear (Primulaceae, Lentibulariaceae, some Santalaceae). Extremely ascidiate carpels are concentrated in the ANITA grade, a few magnoliids and some early branching monocots. Aspects of potential advantages of plicate vs. ascidiate carpels with regard to flexibility of pollen tube transmitting tract differentiation are discussed.

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Flower structure and development in Tupidanthus calyptratus (Araliaceae): an extreme case of polymery among asterids

Cited by 42 publications

References 51 publications

Evolutionary diversification of the flowers in angiosperms

Evolutionary diversification of the flowers in angiosperms

Morphology and development of the gynoecium in Centrolepidaceae: The most remarkable range of variation in Poales

Patterns of angiospermy development before carpel sealing across living angiosperms: diversity, and morphological and systematic aspects

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