Flowering and Fruiting in the White Oaks. Pistillate Flowering, Acorn Development, Weather, and Yields

Sharp, Ward M.; Sprague, V. G.

doi:10.2307/1933106

Cited by 113 publications

(91 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…The ontogenetic sequence from the apparition of flowers (in angiosperms) or strobili (in gymnosperms) to the time of fruit ripening or seed maturation involves a number of stages (i.e., pollination, fertilization, the growth and differentiation of the embryo; Pallardy 2008) that we group here under the term of fruit (or cone) maturation. The seasonality of fruit (cone) maturation (in terms of size and mass) is relatively well documented (see, e.g., Sharp andSpargue 1967, Fujii 1993 in temperate deciduous oaks; Troeng 1981, Koppel et al 1987 in boreal conifers), but there is scarce information regarding the environmental dependence of these processes. Temperature has been identified as a cue for both cone maturation (Mutke et al 2003) and seed maturation (Meunier et al 2007) in conifers.…”

Section: Phenology Of Leaves and Reproductive Structuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temperate and boreal forest tree phenology: from organ-scale processes to terrestrial ecosystem models

Delpierre

Vitasse

Chuine

et al. 2016

Annals of Forest Science

234

192

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Abstract& Key message We demonstrate that, beyond leaf phenology, the phenological cycles of wood and fine roots present clear responses to environmental drivers in temperate and boreal trees. These drivers should be included in terrestrial ecosystem models. & Context In temperate and boreal trees, a dormancy period prevents organ development during adverse climatic conditions. Whereas the phenology of leaves and flowers has received considerable attention, to date, little is known regarding the phenology of other tree organs such as wood, fine roots, fruits, and reserve compounds. & Aims Here, we review both the role of environmental drivers in determining the phenology of tree organs and the models used to predict the phenology of tree organs in temperate and boreal forest trees. & Results Temperature is a key driver of the resumption of tree activity in spring, although its specific effects vary among organs. There is no such clear dominant environmental cue involved in the cessation of tree activity in autumn and in the onset of dormancy, but temperature, photoperiod, and water stress appear as prominent factors. The phenology of a given organ is, to a certain extent, influenced by processes in distant organs. & Conclusion Inferring past trends and predicting future trends of tree phenology in a changing climate requires specific phenological models developed for each organ to consider the phenological cycle as an ensemble in which the environmental cues that trigger each phase are also indirectly involved in the subsequent phases. Incorporating such models into terrestrial ecosystem models (TEMs) would likely improve the accuracy of their predictions. The extent to which the coordination of the phenologies of tree organs will be affected in a changing climate deserves further research.

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Section: Phenology Of Leaves and Reproductive Structuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temperate and boreal forest tree phenology: from organ-scale processes to terrestrial ecosystem models

Delpierre

Vitasse

Chuine

et al. 2016

Annals of Forest Science

234

192

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“…During hyperphagia, masting plant species that produce acorns, nuts, and berries provide bears with high caloric energy that is critical for survival and reproduction (Rogers et al 1976, Inman and Pelton 2002, McDonald and Fuller 2005, Mosnier et al 2008. But mast crops can fail due to unfavorable weather conditions, e.g., late-spring freezes and droughts (Sharp andSprague 1967, Neilson andWullstein 1980), or disease outbreaks (Liebhold et al 2000), resulting in bears seeking alternative food sources (Baruch-Mordo et al 2014). Use of anthropogenic food resources can lead to behavioral adaptations and changes to bear ecology Berger 2003a, Baruch-Mordo et al 2014) and result in increased human-bear conflict (Oka et al 2004, Baruch-Mordo et al 2008.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Foraging ecology of black bears in urban environments: guidance for human‐bear conflict mitigation

et al. 2015

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Abstract. Urban environments offer wildlife novel anthropogenic resources that vary spatiotemporally at fine scales. Property damage, economic losses, human injury, or other human-wildlife conflicts can occur when wildlife use these resources; however, few studies have examined urban wildlife resource selection at fine scales to guide conflict mitigation. We studied black bears (Ursus americanus) in the urban area of Aspen, Colorado, USA from 2007 to 2010 to quantify bear foraging on natural and anthropogenic resources and to model factors associated with anthropogenic feeding events. We collected fine-scale spatiotemporal data by tracking GPS-collared bears at 30-min intervals and backtracked to bear locations within 24 hours of use. We used discrete choice models to assess bears' resource selection, modeling anthropogenic feeding (use) and five associated random (availability) locations as a function of attributes related to temporally changing natural (e.g., ripe mast) and human (e.g., garbage) food resources, urban characteristics (e.g., housing density), and land cover characteristics (e.g., distance to riparian area). We backtracked to 2,675 locations used by 24 bears and classified 20% as foraging locations. We found that bears foraged on both natural and anthropogenic food sources in the urban environment, with 77% of feeding events being anthropogenic. We documented inter-and intra-annual foraging patterns in which bears foraged extensively in urban areas when natural food production was poor, then switched to natural food sources when available. These patterns suggest that bears balance energy budgets and individual safety when making foraging decisions. Overwhelmingly, garbage was the main anthropogenic food source that bears used. Selection of foraging sites was not only influenced by presence of garbage but also by proximity to riparian habitat and presence of ripe anthropogenic fruit trees. We found that while 76% of the garbage containers at random locations were bear-resistant, 57% of these bear-resistant containers were not properly secured. We recommend conflict mitigation focus on reducing available garbage and anthropogenic fruit trees, particularly near riparian areas, to make urban environments less energetically beneficial for foraging. Additionally, deploying bear-resistant containers is inadequate without education and proactive enforcement to change human behavior to properly secure garbage and ultimately reduce human-bear conflict.

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“…Ecologists often call the phenomenon of producing good crops some years and poor crops in other years, mast-seeding or mast-fruiting (Janzen, 1971;Silvertown, 1980 demonstrated that weather has strong impact (Goodrum et al, 1971;Minima, 1954;Romashov, 1957;Sharp and Chisman, 1961;Sharp and Sprague, 1967 Christisen and Kearby,1984) beneath the canopy of each tree so that they were scattered throughout the canopy but not beneath the canopy of neighboring conspecifics. The total trap area sampled was on average ca 7.5% of the canopy (range: 4-19% Romashov, 1957).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prediction of acorn crops in three species of North American oaks: Quercus alba, Q rubra and Q velutina

Sork

Bramble

1993

Ann. For. Sci.

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Flowering and Fruiting in the White Oaks. Pistillate Flowering, Acorn Development, Weather, and Yields

Abstract: Female flowering and acorn development in three species of white oaks were

Cited by 113 publications

References 8 publications

Temperate and boreal forest tree phenology: from organ-scale processes to terrestrial ecosystem models

Temperate and boreal forest tree phenology: from organ-scale processes to terrestrial ecosystem models

Foraging ecology of black bears in urban environments: guidance for human‐bear conflict mitigation

Prediction of acorn crops in three species of North American oaks: Quercus alba, Q rubra and Q velutina

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