Flowering, Ethylene Production, and Ion Leakage of Coffee in Response to Water Stress and Gibberellic Acid

Schuch, Ursula K.; Fuchigami, Leslie H.; Nagao, Mike A.

doi:10.21273/jashs.117.1.158

Cited by 24 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Although rains at the end of the drying cycle can trigger flowering of woody species (Opler, Frankie & Baker 1976;Reich & Borchert 1982;Borchert 1983Borchert , 1994, our study is the first to associate these with changes in ethylene biosynthesis and the expression of regulatory genes. Both leaf and flower bud ethylene production decreased as plants advanced through the dry season (Figure 4), consistent with soil drying decreasing foliar ethylene production of rose and other herbaceous species (Morgan, He, De Greet & De Proft 1990) and flower bud ethylene production of coffee (Schuch et al, 1992) and rose (Andersen et al, 2004). Decreased shoot ethylene production was consistent with downregulation of the CaACO1-like gene ( Figure 2C), and the activity of ACO enzymes (Andersen et al 2004;Larrainzaret al 2014;Song et al 2016;Rickes, Klumb, Benitez, Braga & Bianchi 2019).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 63%

Drought and re-watering modify ethylene production and sensitivity, and are associated with coffee anthesis

Lima

Santos

López

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Coffee flowering requires a period of water deficit followed by rainfall to break flower bud dormancy and promote anthesis. Since drought followed by re-watering can increase shoot ethylene production, we investigated changes in root, leaf and flower bud ethylene production and expression of genes within the ethylene biosynthesis and signalling pathways and their relationship to coffee flowering. Drought decreased foliar and flower bud ethylene production without changing root ethylene production, even though all tissues likely accumulated the ethylene precursor ACC (1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid), since ACS gene expression was maintained while ACO gene expression decreased. The ethylene receptor CaETR4-like was not differentially expressed in leaves under water deficit, but it was downregulated in roots. Re-watering restored shoot ethylene production, which seems important in promoting anthesis. 1-MCP, an ethylene action inhibitor, triggered coffee anthesis without re-watering the plants, which hitherto was considered essential to allow flowering. 1-MCP positively regulated ethylene biosynthesis genes (CaACS1-like and CaACO1-like), similar to re-watering, and downregulated CaETR4-like, suggesting that changes in ethylene levels and sensitivity are required to promote coffee anthesis. Thus, drought and re-watering-induced changes in ethylene levels and sensitivity allow coffee flowering, while the growth regulator 1-MCP can potentially regulate anthesis time and intensity.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 63%

Drought and re-watering modify ethylene production and sensitivity, and are associated with coffee anthesis

Lima

Santos

López

et al. 2020

Preprint

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“…From these observations they concluded that, in leeward areas of Hawaii, frequent irrigation to prevent¯owering followed by a controlled water de®cit and then re-irrigation may represent a practical way of synchronizinḡ owering and shortening the period of harvest. In a greenhouse study, Schuch et al (1992) found, however, that gibberellic acid only partially compensated for insucient water stress for¯ower initiation. Trees that experienced leaf water potentials below 72.65 MPa, and¯ower bud water potentials of about 74.0 MPa,¯owered within about nine days after irrigation.…”

Section: Flower Budsmentioning

confidence: 93%

The Water Relations and Irrigation Requirements of Coffee

Carr

2001

Ex. Agric.

147

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The role of water in the development and yield of the coee crop (Coea arabica L.) is reviewed. A period of water stress, induced either by dry soil or dry air, is needed to prepare¯ower buds for blossoming that is then stimulated by rain or irrigation. Although attempts have been made to quantify the intensity and duration of stress required, these have not yet been speci®ed in ways that are commercially useful. Water must be freely available during the period of rapid fruit expansion to ensure large, high-quality seed yields. Depending on the time and uniformity of¯owering this can occur at times when rainfall is unreliable, particularly in equatorial areas.Although there are dierences in their responses to drought, commercial cultivars have retained many of the characteristics adapted to the shady environment of the forests in the Ethiopian highlands in which C. arabica is believed to have originated. These include partial closure of the stomata when evaporation rates are high as a result of large leaf-to-air saturation de®cits (41.6 kPa), even if the soil is at ®eld capacity. This is thought to be an adaptive mechanism that minimizes transpiration at high irradiances when the leaves are light-saturated.Our understanding of the actual water use of coee crops grown in diverse ways is imperfect. For mature crops, well supplied with water, the crop coecient (Kc) appears to have a value in the range equivalent to 0.7±0.8 times the evaporation from a US Weather Bureau Class A pan. There is some evidence that Kc values are less than this on days when evaporation rates are high (47 mm d 71 ). For immature crops allowance has to be made for the proportion of the ground area shaded by the leaf canopy, but this alone may underestimate rates of water use. Present methods of calculating crop water requirements for the purposes of irrigation scheme design and management are imprecise and, probably, subject to large errors depending on local circumstances.The need for irrigation, and its role in controlling the timing of¯owering, varies depending on the rainfall distribution, the severity of the dry season, and soil type and depth. Two geographic areas need to be distinguished in particular; those close to the equator with a bi-modal rainfall pattern and those at higher latitudes with a single rainy season and an extended dry season. Despite the international importance of irrigation in coee crop production, the bene®ts to be derived from irrigation, in yield and in ®nancial terms, have not been adequately quanti®ed in either location. Allowable soil-water de®cits have been speci®ed for deep-rooting crops (2±3 m) on water retentive soils, usually linked to conventional over-tree sprinkler irrigation systems. Other, potentially more ecient, methods of irrigation are now available for coee grower use, in particular, micro-jet-and drip-irrigation systems. However, there appears to be little advice, based on sound experimental work, on how to design and operate these to best advantage.There is a need to interpret and apply the s...

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“…Therefore, a Ψw pd of -0.71, -1.15, and -1.87 MPa was needed to induce 60%, 70%, and 80% opening, respectively, of the flower buds. The published water potential () in plants under deficit, not necessarily Ψw pd , required for breaking the dormancy of flower buds are variable, e.g., -0.80 MPa (CRISOSTO; GRANTZ; MEINZER, 1992), -1.1 to 1.2 MPa (MAGALHÃES;ANGELOCI, 1976;SILVA et al, 2009), -1.7 MPa (SILVA et al, 2009), -2.0 MPa (GUERRA; ROCHA; RODRIGUES, 2005), and -2.65 MPa (SCHUCH;FUCHIGAMI;NAGAO, 1992).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flowering Percentage in Arabica Coffee Crops Depends on the Water Deficit Level Applied During the Pre-Flowering Stage1

Ronchi

Miranda

2020

Rev. Caatinga

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Nonuniform flowering leads to uneven ripening of fruits, which impairs harvesting efficiency and the quality of the coffee. The aim of this study was to determine the water deficit level required to break flower bud dormancy of Coffea arabica and to evaluate its effects on gas exchange, photosynthetic pigment levels, coffee yield, and fruit maturation. After a growth period of 18 months in 200 L pots maintained under greenhouse conditions, water deficit treatments were imposed by withholding watering from plants exhibiting at least a 60% rate of "E4 stage" flower buds. When five groups of six coffee plants reached the pre-dawn leaf water potential (Ψwpd) of -0.04, -0.65, -1.43, -1.96, and -2.82 MPa, the leaf gas exchange was measured and leaf disks were collected to quantify the photosynthetic pigment levels, after which, watering was resumed. The rate of opened flowers increased with the reduction of Ypd based on the mathematical model, Y = 67.064 + 20.660 x ln(-Ψwpd). The leaf gas exchange was strongly affected by water deficit levels, without any alterations in the photosynthetic pigment levels. Coffee yield was not affected by the treatments but the ripe stages of cherries increased slightly with the reduction in Ψwpd. The water deficit level applied at the pre-flowering stage determined the percentage of flowering in C. arabica.

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Flowering, Ethylene Production, and Ion Leakage of Coffee in Response to Water Stress and Gibberellic Acid

Cited by 24 publications

References 13 publications

Drought and re-watering modify ethylene production and sensitivity, and are associated with coffee anthesis

Drought and re-watering modify ethylene production and sensitivity, and are associated with coffee anthesis

The Water Relations and Irrigation Requirements of Coffee

Flowering Percentage in Arabica Coffee Crops Depends on the Water Deficit Level Applied During the Pre-Flowering Stage1

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