Seed banks were examined in four plant communities in a high-elevation sphagnum bog in West Virginia, U.S.A. A germination assay was used to detect germinable seed densities. Vertical depth distributions were determined for one community in which the soil cores were transported intact to the greenhouse. Seed densities ranged from 12 874 in a Sphagnum-dominated community to 377 041 seeds m−2 in a sedge-dominated community. The seed bank in all communities was dominated numerically by Juncus effusus, although this species comprised a minor part of the aboveground vegetation. Three types of depth profiles were observed, including one distribution showing a simple decline in seed numbers with depth, another showing a unimodal peak below the soil surface, and a third with two distinct peaks at depth. A matrix model of seed burial was devised to account for the different depth profiles. By assuming that soil compression occurred and that the rate of compression declined with time, the model showed that either of the first two depth profiles could be produced with no need to invoke a historical change in the seed rain. The model was unable to account for the bimodal depth profile with the assumption of a constant seed rain. However, the fact that the model of seed burial could explain a unimodal peak in the depth profile suggests that simple historical interpretations of past abundance using a buried seed profile are difficult.