Flowering requirements in <i>Bromus inermis</i>, a short‐long‐day plant

Heide, Ola M.

doi:10.1111/j.1399-3054.1984.tb05923.x

Cited by 31 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…From DOY 162 to 190 in 1992, potential evapotranspiration exceeded precipitation by 159 mm; from DOY 161 to 189 in 1993, precipitation exceeded potential evapotranspiration by 27 mm. Most temperate grass species must be vernalized for floral initiation to occur (Heide, 1984). The number of intermediate wheatgrass and smooth bromegrass vegetative tillers present on DOY 212 in 1992 was similar to the number of tillers that reached the seed ripening stage in 1993.…”

Section: Cool-season Grassesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Tiller Demographics and Leaf Area Index of Four Perennial Pasture Grasses

et al. 1998

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Developing grazing systems requires basic information on the growth and development of adapted species. The objective of this field study was to determine seasonal tiller demographics and leaf area index (LAI) of intermediate wheatgrass [Thinopyrum intermedium (Host) Barkw. & D.R. Dewey], smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.), switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.), and big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii Vitman) tiller populations. This study was conducted in 1992 and 1993 near Mead, NE, on a silty clay loam soil (Typic Argiudoll) as a randomized complete block. Monocultures were harvested six times each year for tiller demographics. Additionally, mean stage count (MSC), a quantified estimate of tiller population maturity, was determined at each harvest. The LAI was indirectly measured using a canopy analyzer at 7‐ to 14‐d intervals. Tiller density for all species generally declined as MSC increased. Tiller demographics were highly variable by year for intermediate wheatgrass and smooth bromegrass, which indicates that grazing management should be based on current tiller populations. Density of vegetative tillers declined most rapidly for smooth bromegrass, followed by intermediate wheatgrass, switchgrass, and big bluestem. Switchgrass and big bluestem tiller demographics were more uniform and predictable across years than intermediate wheatgrass and smooth bromegrass. The LAI for all species increased as MSC increased. Maximum LAI for intermediate wheatgrass, smooth bromegrass, switchgrass, and big bluestem in 1992 was 4.7, 5.1, 4.9, and 5.8, respectively. Integrating tiller demographics and LAI suggests that initial grazing readiness starts with smooth bromegrass in early spring, followed by intermediate wheatgrass in about 2 wk, switchgrass in late spring, and big bluestem in early summer.

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Section: Cool-season Grassesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most perennial cool-season grasses, such as intermediate wheatgrass and smooth bromegrass are photoperiod sensitive (Heide, 1984(Heide, , 1994. Switchgrass and big bluestem, perennial warm-season grasses native to the central Great Plains, also are photoperiod sensitive (Benedict, 1941).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Tiller Demographics and Leaf Area Index of Four Perennial Pasture Grasses

et al. 1998

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“…These species require 8-12 wk of exposure to optimal conditions for primary induction, but they vary considerably with respect to the range of inductive conditions. In three Scandinavian cultivars of D. glomerata full induction was obtained at temperatures of up to 18 °C in 8-h SD (10 wk exposure) and 50% flowering even at 21 °C In 24-h LD, however, induction was re- (Heide, 1984, with permission). stricted to 3 °C and required more than 20 wk of exposure.…”

Section: Induction Types and Classificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Another species in this group is Bromtis inermis in which primary induction takes place in SD at temperatures ranging from 6 to 24 °C with an optimum response at 15-21 °C (Heide, 1984). At such optimal temperatures 4-6 wk of SD treatment are optimal for primary induction, whereas no induction takes place in 24-h LD at 3 °C even with 16 wk of treatment.…”

Section: Induction Types and Classificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Control of flowering and reproduction in temperate grasses

Heide¹

1994

New Phytologist

208

201

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summary Temperate grasses of the subfamily Festucioideae can be grouped into two main categories according to their environmental control of flowering, species with regular long day (LD) induction, and those with dual induction requirements. The former group includes the temperate annual crosses and a few perennial species such as Phleum pratense and Poa nemoralis. These species base no winter requirement and require only LD to flower. Most temperature perennial grasses have a dual induction requirement for flowering, a primary induction which is brought about by low temperature (vernalization) and/or short days (SD), and a secondary induction which requires a transition to long days and is enhanced by moderately high temperatures. In most dual induction species SD and low temperature are interchangeable and independently able to fulfil the primary induction requirement. Yet, they are highly interactive in this process. Commonly the plants become day neutral at low temperature (0–6 °C) and primary induction takes place in both SD and LD. Primary induction is then identical with the common vernalization response. At higher temperatures induction becomes increasingly dependent on SD. until a critical temperature is reached, usually c. 12–18 °C, at which primary induction cannot take place regardless of the photoperiod. In a few species, e.g, Bromus inermts, Phalaris arundinacea and to some extent Dactylis glomeratca, the SD response predominates while low temperature induction is weak or absent. Critical temperatures and photoperiods for primary induction vary greatly among species and, within the species, among ecotypes of different geographical origin. Critical exposure time may vary from 3–4 wk in arctic‐alpine Poa species to 20 wk in some Festuca species. Generally, ecotypes from high latitudes and especially arctic‐alpine ones, have wider temperature and daylength limits and require fewer inductive cycles for primary induction than their low‐latitude counterparts. In some grasses, especially‐ arctic‐alpine species, initiation of inflorescence primordia takes place during SD primary induction, in others it requires a transition to LD. In the former group, primordia are initiated in the autumn, an important adaptation to arctic‐alpine conditions. Critical photoperiods for secondary induction vary from 9–10 h in Mediterranean ecotypes to more than 16 h, and the critical number of LD cycles from four to eight, whereas 12–16 LD cycles are needed for the full saturated response. Generally, high‐latitude ecotypes have longer critical photoperiods and require more LD cycles for secondary induction than do those from lower latitudes. Culm elongation, heading and inflorescence development are all promoted by LD. The more inductive cycles given and the more favourable their daylength, the greater is the response. Grasses also have efficient vegetative means of reproduction which are also environmentally controlled. Vegetative proliferation of inflorescences or ‘vivipary’ is readily induced in habitually seminiferous gras...

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“…Thus, for the short day annual cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium L.), McMillan (1973) reported the establishment of latitudinally determined ecotypes in Australia in less than 150 years after the original introduction. In the shortlong-day grass B. inermis 100 years after its introduction to Norway, Heide (1984) found changes in the critical photoperiods for both primary and secondary induction of flowering.…”

Section: Has Adaptation Of Flowering Time To the Environment Been Sigmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seasonal flowering and evolution: the heritage from Charles Darwin

King

Heide

2009

Functional Plant Biol.

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Abstract. To survive, plants optimise their seasonal flowering time and set seed to avoid extremes of the environment including frost, heat and drought. Additionally, pollination may need to be tightly regulated in time so that it coincides with flowering of other individuals and/or with the presence of bird or insect pollinators. It is now clear that plants use seasonal changes in natural light intensity, daylight duration and temperature to achieve reproducible timing of flowering year-inyear-out. In more recent studies, genetic and molecular approaches are beginning to provide a basis for understanding heritability, an essential component of Darwin's concept of evolution.

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Flowering requirements in Bromus inermis, a short‐long‐day plant

Cited by 31 publications

References 15 publications

Tiller Demographics and Leaf Area Index of Four Perennial Pasture Grasses

Tiller Demographics and Leaf Area Index of Four Perennial Pasture Grasses

Control of flowering and reproduction in temperate grasses

Seasonal flowering and evolution: the heritage from Charles Darwin

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