Flowing Water: An Effective Treatment for Ichthyophthiriasis

Bodensteiner, Leo R.; Sheehan, Robert; Wills, Paul S.; Brandenburg, Alan M.; Lewis, William M.

doi:10.1577/1548-8667(2000)012<0209:fwaetf>2.0.co;2

Cited by 39 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 26 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…It was found in an earlier study that the water turnover rate was important in controlling white spot disease, so that an increase in the turnover rate from 0.5 times h -1 to 2.5 h -1 reduced the mortality of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus infected with I. multifiliis from nearly 100% to less than 10% (Bodensteiner et al 2000). The present parasite burden was lowest at Farm C, where the smallest ponds were used (100 m 2 ) with a turnover rate of 0.5 times h -1 vs. about 0.1 h -1 at Farms A and B.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 47%

Treatment of ichthyophthiriasis after malachite green. II. Earth ponds at salmonid farms

Rintamäki-Kinnunen¹,

Rahkonen²,

Mykrä³

et al. 2005

Dis. Aquat. Org.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

We tested formalin, chloramine-T-formalin and Desirox™-formalin, for use against white spot disease (ichthyophthiriasis) caused by Ichthyophthirius multifiliis at 3 salmonid farms (Salmo salar and S. trutta smolt reared in earth ponds). I. multifiliis disappeared from most individuals 4 to 5 wk after the first treatment (and after the first I. multifiliis were found) with all chemicals, indicating that combinations of these chemicals, and even formalin alone, can be used to lower the parasite burden in earth ponds to such a level that no mortality occurs. This was the case when the fish were treated frequently at the beginning of the infection. Treatment can be stopped once the fish have achieved immunity to ichthyophthiriasis. The developing immunity was also revealed by the distribution of ciliates in the course of the disease. At the beginning of the infection I. multifiliis individuals were randomly distributed among the fish, but after 2 to 3 wk, when all the fish were infected, ciliates had increased in numbers and were aggregated in such a way that some fish carried quite heavy burdens. However, over 60% of the fish were free of the parasites after 4 to 5 wk, and had few or no ciliates, meaning that the distribution was even more aggregated. Sea trout had fewer parasites than salmon, and they also recovered from infection earlier even though the treatments and ponds were similar, indicating variation in resistance to I. multifiliis between fish species. It was also evident that the chemicals and their concentrations must be planned carefully to suit the conditions at each farm.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 47%

Treatment of ichthyophthiriasis after malachite green. II. Earth ponds at salmonid farms

Rintamäki-Kinnunen¹,

Rahkonen²,

Mykrä³

et al. 2005

Dis. Aquat. Org.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Thus, the higher water turnover in the enriched tanks could have reduced host exposure mechanically by removing infective stages from the tank (Bodensteiner et al . ). With I. necator , however, the higher survival rate of fish in enriched tanks was already observed before the introduction of water current dynamics, suggesting an influence of other elements of the enriched environment on parasite transmission or resistance of fish.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Physical factors of the rearing environment, such as water temperature, host density and water current dynamics, are known to affect disease transmission in aquaculture (Valtonen & Koskivaara ; Bodensteiner et al . ; Suomalainen, Tiirola & Valtonen ; Karvonen et al . ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enriched rearing environment and wild genetic background can enhance survival and disease resistance of salmonid fishes during parasite epidemics

Karvonen

Aalto-Araneda

Virtala

et al. 2015

Journal of Applied Ecology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Summary The importance and volume of aquaculture is increasing world‐wide. Rearing practices play a key role in determining growth rate, survival and disease resistance in aquaculture fishes. Recent evidence suggests that in comparison with a standard stimulus‐poor rearing environment, an enriched or variable rearing environment has significant positive effects on several traits underlying growth and well‐being of fish. However, the effect of enriched rearing on one of the most important threats for aquaculture development, occurrence of parasitic infections, remains unknown. We used surveillance data of experimental salmonid populations of wild and hatchery origin under semi‐natural parasite exposure to explore effects of enriched rearing on outbreaks of important aquaculture pathogens and associated fish mortalities in production‐scale fish densities. We also conducted controlled parasite exposures to investigate if enriched rearing reduces susceptibility of fish to infection in comparison with standard rearing conditions. We found evidence of enriched rearing influencing survival and disease resistance of aquaculture fish during parasite epidemics. Essentially, populations from enriched rearing had a higher survival rate, lower parasite occurrence and greater resistance to most infections compared to fish held in standard rearing conditions. Similarly, fish of wild genetic background had lower mortality during some of the epidemics compared to fish of hatchery origin. However, we also demonstrate significant variation in these patterns and in some cases a tendency for opposite effects of enriched rearing and genetic background depending on the fish species and nature of the epidemic. Synthesis and applications. Our results suggest that parasitic infections and epidemics can be managed through enriched rearing conditions. This may have important implications for economically and ecologically sustainable parasite and disease prevention strategies in aquaculture.

show abstract

“…The flow rate of the water is also important for the control of white spot disease, and this too is slightly higher at Farm B. Bodensteiner et al (2000) found that when the flow rate in raceways was increased from 5 to 15 l min -1 , the mortality of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus due to white spot disease was only half of what it was at the lower flow rate.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Treatment of ichthyophthiriasis after malachite green. I. Concrete tanks at salmonid farms

Rintamäki-Kinnunen¹,

Rahkonen²,

Mannermaa-Keränen³

et al. 2005

Dis. Aquat. Org.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Since the use of malachite green was banned in many European countries, new alternative treatments have been tested to prevent white spot disease caused by Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. We tested formalin, potassium permanganate (KMnO 4 ), chloramine-T, hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) and Per Aqua or Desirox alone or in combinations of 2 chemicals, one of which was always formalin, in 50 m 2 concrete tanks at 2 farms producing salmon Salmo salar smolt in 2001 and 2002. Both Per Aqua and Desirox are combinations of peracetic acid, acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide. The alternative chemicals or their combinations can be used successfully to lower the parasite burden to such a level that no high mortality occurs during the first 4 wk after the start of an infection. This period of time allows the fish to develop immunity against these ciliates, and treatments can be reduced and stopped in due course. I. multifiliis decreased in number 3 to 4 wk after the beginning of the infection in all the treatments. Large differences in parasite burden and mortality occurred among the replicates in all except the Desirox-formalin tanks, which means that they are not as reliable as the malachite green-formalin used previously. It was also evident that the chemicals and their concentrations must be planned carefully to suit the conditions on each farm. KEY WORDS: Ichthyophthirius multifiliis · Salmo salar · Fish farming · Immunity · Alternative chemicalsResale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisher

show abstract

Flowing Water: An Effective Treatment for Ichthyophthiriasis

Cited by 39 publications

References 26 publications

Treatment of ichthyophthiriasis after malachite green. II. Earth ponds at salmonid farms

Treatment of ichthyophthiriasis after malachite green. II. Earth ponds at salmonid farms

Enriched rearing environment and wild genetic background can enhance survival and disease resistance of salmonid fishes during parasite epidemics

Treatment of ichthyophthiriasis after malachite green. I. Concrete tanks at salmonid farms

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About