Flowing-water optical power meter for primary-standard, multi-kilowatt laser power measurements

Williams, Paul; Hadler, Joshua A.; Cromer, Christopher L.; West, J.; Li, X; Lehman, John H.

doi:10.1088/1681-7575/aaae78

Cited by 8 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…The most obvious culprit would be if there were a discrepancy between the RPPM and K-series primary standard power meters. However, a recent direct comparison between the two yielded an agreement of better than 1% from 1 kW to 10 kW [4,6,7]. This means the 3% disagreement must be due to measurement instability; that is, the DUT truly had a different calibration factor during the onsite measurements than during the NIST measurements.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Laser power measurements above 1-kW CW are predominantly thermally based. Primary standards based on thermal measurements are either isoperibol calorimeters [8][9][10][11] or heat transfer techniques using flowing water power meters [7,12]. Both techniques measure a temperature rise in response to absorbed laser energy.…”

Section: Experimental Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A small but significant disagreement between the two calibration approaches was found. Since the RPPM and K-series power meter have already been shown to agree within their measurement uncertainty [4,6,7], this disagreement is an indication of how changes in environmental conditions between the manufacturing floor and a calibration laboratory can affect the DUT's performance (specifically its calibration factor). We found that critical measurement conditions, which can often go unnoticed by a customer, can have a significant effect on the accuracy of their laser power measurements.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Onsite multikilowatt laser power meter calibration using radiation pressure

et al. 2017

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We have demonstrated the calibration of a thermal power meter against a radiation pressure power meter in the range of 20 kW in a manufacturing test environment. The results were compared to a traditional calorimeter-based laboratory calibration undertaken at the National Institute of Standards and Technology. The results are reported, and the effects of nonideal conditions typical of measurements in low-stability environments are discussed.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Experimental Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Onsite multikilowatt laser power meter calibration using radiation pressure

et al. 2017

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“…This results in traceability through the kilogram, the meter, and the second [20]. Heat balance calorimeter [17] 1.6 % Primary 1 kW -50 kW** [18,19] 1070 Radiation pressure power meter (RPPM)…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Meta-study of laser power calibrations ranging 20 orders of magnitude with traceability to the kilogram

et al. 2019

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Laser power metrology at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) ranges 20 orders of magnitude from photon-counting (10 3 photons/s) to 100 kW (10 23 photons/s at a wavelength of 1070 nm). As a part of routine practices, we perform internal (unpublished) comparisons between our various power meters to verify correct operation. Here we use the results of these intercomparisons to demonstrate an unbroken chain tracing each power meter's calibration factor to the NIST cryogenic radiometer (our lowest uncertainty standard, whose SI traceability is established through the volt and ohm units). This yields the expected result that all the NIST primary standard measurement techniques agree with each other to within their measurement uncertainty. Then, these intercomparison results are re-mapped to describe the agreement of the various techniques with our radiation-pressure-based power measurement approach, whose SI traceability is established through the kilogram. Again, agreement is demonstrated to within the measurement uncertainty. This agreement is reassuring because the measurements are compared with two entirely different traceability paths and show expected agreement in each case. The ramifications of this agreement as well as potential means to improve on it are discussed.We demonstrate SI measurement traceability of our single-photon power measurement through the kilogram with less than 3 % relative expanded uncertainty (obtained for a coverage factor k=2 defining an interval having a level of confidence of approximately 95 %). I. (cesium hyperfine splitting frequency), and c (the speed of light in vacuum). *At the time of publication, the NextGenC is not yet fully validated as a primary standard but is included for completeness.

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“…Accurate knowledge of delivered power is vital for understanding the underlying physical processes and simultaneously ensuring consistent process quality. The most accurate primary standards for absolute SI-traceable measurement of high electromagnetic (EM) power at National Institute of Standards and Technology are based on comparison of heat generated by absorption of the EM energy to its SI-traceable Joule electrical equivalent [1]. Calorimeters used for this purpose require a total absorption of electromagnetic energy in a black body rendering it unavailable for further use.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

MEMS Non-Absorbing Electromagnetic Power Sensor Employing the Effect of Radiation Pressure

et al. 2018

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We demonstrate a compact electromagnetic power sensor based on force effects of electromagnetic radiation onto a highly reflective mirror surface. Unlike the conventional power measurement approach, the photons are not absorbed and can be further used in the investigated system. In addition, the exerted force is frequency-independent, yielding a wide measurement frequency span being practically limited by the wavelength-dependent mirror reflection coefficient. The mechanical arrangement of two sensing elements in tandem suppresses the influence of gravity and vibrations on the power reading. We achieve a noise floor of about 1 W/√Hz and speed of 100 ms, being practically limited by sensor’s dynamics and lock-in amplifier filter settling time.

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Flowing-water optical power meter for primary-standard, multi-kilowatt laser power measurements

Cited by 8 publications

References 12 publications

Onsite multikilowatt laser power meter calibration using radiation pressure

Onsite multikilowatt laser power meter calibration using radiation pressure

Meta-study of laser power calibrations ranging 20 orders of magnitude with traceability to the kilogram

MEMS Non-Absorbing Electromagnetic Power Sensor Employing the Effect of Radiation Pressure

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