Flt3-ITD mutated acute myeloid leukemia patients and COVID-19: potential roles of autophagy and HIF-1α in leukemia progression and mortality

Possible role of autophagy induced by COVID-19 in cancer progression, chemo-resistance, and tumor recurrence

“…Nowadays, Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic which caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been a serious issue worldwide. It has been suggested that patients with cancer are one of the major cases who are susceptible to experience severe COVID-19 courses and death, potential long-term impact of COVID-19 on cancer patients' prognosis and progression, as well as their response to different anti-cancer therapies [ 1 – 5 ]. SARS-CoV-2 can exert its role by induction of autophagy to lead to these COVID-19 complications [ 6 , 7 ].…”

“…In a previous study, we suggested that hypoxia induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection can lead to activation of both (HIF-1α) and autophagy, which could be a hallmark for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients and leukemia progression, especially for AML patients who have Flt3-ITD (FMS-like tyrosine kinase-3 receptor internal tandem duplications) mutations [ 5 ].…”

Hypoxia‐inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF‐1α) stimulated and P2X7 receptor activated by COVID-19, as a potential therapeutic target and risk factor for epilepsy

“…Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by infection with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and affects billions of people around the world [ 1 – 7 ]. SARS-CoV-2 has been increasingly reported to attack not only the respiratory system and lead to respiratory complications [ 8 ] but also the central nervous system (CNS), causing neurological symptoms [ 9 – 12 ], and progression of multiple cancers [ 13 , 14 ]. According to retrospective investigations, 36.4% of SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals presented neurological manifestations such as acute cerebrovascular diseases, disturbed consciousness, and paresthesia [ 15 ].…”

Hesperetin as an anti-SARS-CoV-2 agent can inhibit COVID-19-associated cancer progression by suppressing intracellular signaling pathways

“…On the other hand, hesperetin exerts a critical role in anti-cancer mechanisms against various cancer cells such as glioblastoma, breast, lung, pancreatic, liver, prostate, colon, kidney, oral, esophageal, osteosarcoma, ovarian, thyroid, and leukemia (Sohel et al 2022 ). On the other hand, multiple studies revealed that COVID-19 can lead to the progression of multiple diseases and cancers, so we addressed some cellular and molecular mechanisms in some of these studies (Zalpoor et al 2022a , b , c , d , e , f , g ). Moreover, multiple studies have confirmed the absence of adverse side effects after oral intake and the overall high safety profile of hesperidin, this flavanone might be useful as a prophylactic (Jose and Manuel 2020 ; Parisi et al 2021 ).…”