Fluctuating asymmetry, parasitism and reproductive fitness in two species of gammarid crustacean

Abstract

This is a repository copy of Fluctuating asymmetry, parasitism and reproductive fitness in two species of gammarid crustacean.

Signatures of increasing environmental stress in bumblebee wings over the past century: Insights from museum specimens

“…Bjorksten et al, 2001 ; Floate & Fox, 2000 ; Servia et al, 2004 ; Ward et al, 1998 ). Previously, this has been suggested to be due to studies having small sample sizes (Babbitt et al, 2006 ), large measurement error (Palmer, 1994 ) or measuring traits less susceptible to FA (Arundell et al, 2019 ; Lazić et al, 2013 ). However, the lack of association between FA and fitness here may be as result of the most resilient individuals being able to bear higher stress levels (similar to Zahavi's ( 1975 ) handicap principle).…”

“…Moreover, temperature stress has been linked to increased FA across a range of invertebrate species (Gerard et al, 2018 ; Imasheva et al, 1997 ; Nishizaki et al, 2015 ; Vishalakshi & Singh, 2008 ). Additionally, warmer, wetter years could promote pathogen spread and infection (Lafferty, 2009 ; Neidel et al, 2017 ), which are also associated with increased levels of FA (Arundell et al, 2019 ). Given that mean annual temperature for many regions will likely increase under climate change, our findings could reveal an early‐warning sign, with some species potentially being unable to sustain continued increases in FA .…”

“…Overall, FA has been suggested to increase in a diverse range of taxa (from butterflies to lizards to rodents; Table S1 ) in response to temperature (Gerard et al, 2018 ; Hosken et al, 2000 ; Imasheva et al, 1997 ; Nishizaki et al, 2015 ; Trotta et al, 2005 ), nutritional stress (Imasheva et al, 1997 ; Talloen et al, 2004 ), pesticide exposure (Abaga et al, 2011 ; Costa & Nomura, 2016 ; Friedli et al, 2020 ; Gerard et al, 2018 ; Simbula et al, 2021 ), infections and parasite load (Arundell et al, 2019 ; Bonn et al, 1996 ), urbanisation (Lazić et al, 2013 ; Leonard et al, 2018 ) and heavy metal pollution (Al‐Shami et al, 2011 ; Graham et al, 1993 ; Groenendijk et al, 1998 ), among other stressors (although see Bjorksten et al, 2001 ; Servia et al, 2004 ; Ward et al, 1998 , who did not find this). For example, bumblebee Bombus terrestris wings have been shown to become less symmetrical under temperature (33°C) or parasitic stress (Gerard et al, 2018 ), as do honeybee Apis mellifera wings when individuals are exposed to pesticides (Friedli et al, 2020 ).…”

“…Bombus, climate change, digitisation, entomological collections, fluctuating asymmetry, landmarking, pollinators, Procrustes Overall, FA has been suggested to increase in a diverse range of taxa (from butterflies to lizards to rodents; Table S1) in response to temperature (Gerard et al, 2018;Hosken et al, 2000;Imasheva et al, 1997;Nishizaki et al, 2015;Trotta et al, 2005), nutritional stress (Imasheva et al, 1997;Talloen et al, 2004), pesticide exposure (Abaga et al, 2011;Costa & Nomura, 2016;Friedli et al, 2020;Gerard et al, 2018;Simbula et al, 2021), infections and parasite load (Arundell et al, 2019;Bonn et al, 1996), urbanisation (Lazić et al, 2013;Leonard et al, 2018) and heavy metal pollution (Al-Shami et al, 2011;Graham et al, 1993;Groenendijk et al, 1998), among other stressors (although see Bjorksten et al, 2001;Servia et al, 2004;Ward et al, 1998, who did not find this).…”

Fluctuating Asymmetry of the Phalanges of the Fingers of the Human Hand According to X-Ray Osteometry

“…Однако, особенно у людей, латерализация, обусловленная различными функциональными нагрузками кистей, может не отражать достоверно нестабильность развития [8]. Считается, что для частей тела, характеризующихся половым диморфизмом, значения ФА наиболее высоки, что обусловлено их большей чувствительностью к стрессу [9]. Асимметрия фаланг пальцев по некоторым морфологическим переменным может демонстрировать различные уровни чувствительности к воздействию факторов окружающей среды, проявляющиеся в отклонениях от гармоничного развития кисти.…”