Fluctuation statistical theory of nucleation in water vapors at near-critical temperatures

Abstract

The Monte Carlo method has been used to study the evolution of the statistical behavior of density fluctuations in water vapors when approaching the critical isotherm from low temperatures. The free energy, work, and entropy of the formation of the nanosize density fluctuations have been calculated numerically. The spontaneous formation of the critical nucleus of the condensed phase is possible only against the back ground of the density fluctuations with dimensions exceeding a certain threshold value n*, which increases rapidly when the critical temperature is approached. One should expect a qualitative change in the mecha nism of the growth of nuclei of the condensed phase in the region of near critical temperatures from the sta tistically independent acts of the absorption of monomers by the surface of a microdroplet to the strongly cor related density fluctuations of expanding spatial dimensions.

Effect of the shape on the spin state and exchange in quantum dots. Feynman path integral analysis

“…These coefficients for N = 2, 3, 4 and 6, 5, and 10 are given in [49-51, 51, 33, 43, 44], respectively. A formalism that makes it possi ble to eliminate constraints in N was developed in [44] and was tested in the calculations for a dense hydrogen plasma [45,46,[52][53][54], a dense helium plasma [55][56][57], electrides [58], and a dense electron gas [47,48,59], as well as in studies of the general characteristics of the formation of the spin state of systems of identi cal fermions [60,61].…”