Fluctuations of Hi-Hat Timing and Dynamics in a Virtuoso Drum Track of a Popular Music Recording

Räsänen, E.; Pulkkinen, Otto; Virtanen, Tuomas; Zollner, Manfred; Hennig, Holger

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0127902

Cited by 21 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Long-range correlations similar to the ones we found in the thrush nightingale rhythms have also been described for musical rhythm: "Exact" rhythm (as noted in the score) has been shown to be multifractal in classical pieces 50 , analogous to the multifractality we find in "exact rhythm" songs. Moreover, human listeners prefer multifractal timing deviations from the beat 42,43 , similar to the significant contribution of timing/intensity deviations to multifractality in our data. Multifractality in note arrangement and timing deviations might reflect expressiveness intentionally added by birds and humans for attractiveness.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

“…Music makes use of both strategies: Sequential arrangement (of notes of specific pitch and duration) has been shown to result in long-range correlations in the scores of Bach's three-voice sinfonias 41 , and subtle deviations from "exact" rhythm during a musical performance show long-range correlations which listeners recognize and prefer over both exact rhythm or rhythm with random deviations 42,43 .…”

Section: Expressiveness In the Rhythm Of Music And Birdsongmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Birds have swing: Multifractal analysis reveals expressive rhythm in birdsong

Roeske

Kelty-Stephen

Wallot

2017

Preprint

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Music is thought to engage its listeners by driving feelings of surprise, tension, and relief through a dynamic mixture of predictable and unpredictable patterns, a property summarized here as "expressiveness". Birdsong shares with music the goal to attract and hold its listeners' attention and might make use of similar strategies to achieve this goal. We here tested a songbird's rhythm, as represented by the amplitude envelope (containing information on note timing, duration, and intensity), for expressiveness. We used multifractal analysis which is designed to detect in a signal dynamic fluctuations between predictable and unpredictable states on multiple timescales (e.g. notes, subphrases, songs). Results show that the songs' amplitude envelope is strongly multifractal, indicating rhythm is patterned by fluctuations between predictable and unpredictable patterns. Moreover, comparing original songs with re-synthesized songs that lack all subtle deviations from the "standard" note envelopes, we find that deviations in note intensity and duration significantly contribute to the rhythm's multifractality. This suggests that birds render their songs more expressive by subtly modifying note timing patterns, similar to musical operations like accelerando or ritardando. Our findings bear consequences for neuronal models of vocal sequence generation in birds, as they require non-local rules to generate rhythm.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Section: Expressiveness In the Rhythm Of Music And Birdsongmentioning

confidence: 99%

Birds have swing: Multifractal analysis reveals expressive rhythm in birdsong

Roeske

Kelty-Stephen

Wallot

2017

Preprint

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“…DFA is one of the most used time-series analysis methods that gives a reliable estimate for the existence and the characteristics of long-range correlations in the data [7]. DFA has been applied in various fields of science ranging from physiological signals such as heartbeat and gait [49] to, for example, musical rhythms [50, 51], rainfall statistics [52], structural properties of DNA [53], and electronic quantum transport [54]. …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Pharmacological Compounds on Beat Rate Variations in Human Long QT-Syndrome Cardiomyocytes

Kuusela

Kim

Räsänen

et al. 2016

Stem Cell Rev and Rep

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Healthy human heart rate fluctuates overtime showing long-range fractal correlations. In contrast, various cardiac diseases and normal aging show the breakdown of fractal complexity. Recently, it was shown that human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) intrinsically exhibit fractal behavior as in humans. Here, we investigated the fractal complexity of hiPSC-derived long QT-cardiomyocytes (LQT-CMs). We recorded extracellular field potentials from hiPSC-CMs at baseline and under the effect of various compounds including β-blocker bisoprolol, ML277, a specific and potent IKs current activator, as well as JNJ303, a specific IKs blocker. From the peak-to-peak-intervals, we determined the long-range fractal correlations by using detrended fluctuation analysis. Electrophysiologically, the baseline corrected field potential durations (cFPDs) were more prolonged in LQT-CMs than in wildtype (WT)-CMs. Bisoprolol did not have significant effects to the cFPD in any CMs. ML277 shortened cFPD in a dose-dependent fashion by 11 % and 5–11 % in WT- and LQT-CMs, respectively. JNJ303 prolonged cFPD in a dose-dependent fashion by 22 % and 7–13 % in WT- and LQT-CMs, respectively. At baseline, all CMs showed fractal correlations as determined by short-term scaling exponent α. However, in all CMs, the α was increased when pharmacological compounds were applied indicating of breakdown of fractal complexity. These findings suggest that the intrinsic mechanisms contributing to the fractal complexity are not altered in LQT-CMs. The modulation of IKs channel and β1-adrenoreceptors by pharmacological compounds may affect the fractal complexity of the hiPSC-CMs.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s12015-016-9686-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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“…Interestingly, music makes use of both mechanisms to generate long-range rhythmic structure, in a controlled and intentional way: Sequential arrangement (of notes of specific pitch and duration) has been shown to result in long-range correlations in the scores of Bach’s three-voice sinfonias 45 , and subtle deviations from “exact” rhythm during a musical performance show long-range correlations which listeners recognize and prefer over both exact rhythm or rhythm with random deviations 46 , 47 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multifractal analysis reveals music-like dynamic structure in songbird rhythms

Roeske

Kelty-Stephen

Wallot

2018

Sci Rep

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Music is thought to engage its listeners by driving feelings of surprise, tension, and relief through a dynamic mixture of predictable and unpredictable patterns, a property summarized here as “expressiveness”. Birdsong shares with music the goal to attract its listeners’ attention and might use similar strategies to achieve this. We here tested a thrush nightingale’s (Luscinia luscinia) rhythm, as represented by song amplitude envelope (containing information on note timing, duration, and intensity), for evidence of expressiveness. We used multifractal analysis, which is designed to detect in a signal dynamic fluctuations between predictable and unpredictable states on multiple timescales (e.g. notes, subphrases, songs). Results show that rhythm is strongly multifractal, indicating fluctuations between predictable and unpredictable patterns. Moreover, comparing original songs with re-synthesized songs that lack all subtle deviations from the “standard” note envelopes, we find that deviations in note intensity and duration significantly contributed to multifractality. This suggests that birdsong is more dynamic due to subtle note timing patterns, often similar to musical operations like accelerando or crescendo. While different sources of these dynamics are conceivable, this study shows that multi-timescale rhythm fluctuations can be detected in birdsong, paving the path to studying mechanisms and function behind such patterns.

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Fluctuations of Hi-Hat Timing and Dynamics in a Virtuoso Drum Track of a Popular Music Recording

Cited by 21 publications

References 37 publications

Birds have swing: Multifractal analysis reveals expressive rhythm in birdsong

Birds have swing: Multifractal analysis reveals expressive rhythm in birdsong

The Effects of Pharmacological Compounds on Beat Rate Variations in Human Long QT-Syndrome Cardiomyocytes

Multifractal analysis reveals music-like dynamic structure in songbird rhythms

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