Fluid evolution and ore genesis of the giant Sanshandao gold deposit, Jiaodong gold province, China: Constrains from geology, fluid inclusions and H–O–S–He–Ar isotopic compositions

Wen, Binghai; Fan, Hong‐Rui; Hu, Fangfang; Liu, Xuan; Yang, Kui-Feng; Sun, Zhifu; Sun, Zong-Feng

doi:10.1016/j.gexplo.2016.01.007

Cited by 89 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 85 publications

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“…In the Liyuan deposit, minor CH 4 was found in the carbonic phase of the C-type and PC-type FIs in the middle stage. Additional volatile components such as CH 4 could expand the temperature and pressure range of fluid immiscibility and make the occurrence of fluid immiscibility much easier [88,89]. At Liyuan, we suggest that the fluid immiscibility was induced by pressure drop and temperature decrease, which could lower the CO 2 solubility in the H 2 O-CO 2 -NaCl system [33,90], and the presence of CH 4 in the middle stage could make the fluid immiscibility become easier.…”

Section: Fluid Immiscibility and Pressure Estimationsmentioning

confidence: 93%

Origin and Evolution of the Ore-Forming Fluids in the Liyuan Gold Deposit, Central North China Craton: Constraints from Fluid Inclusions and H-O-C Isotopic Compositions

Xiong

et al. 2017

Geofluids

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The Liyuan gold deposit is hosted within Archean basement metamorphic rocks and controlled by the NNE-trending faults in the central North China Craton. The ore-forming processes can be divided into three stages (early, middle, and late). Three types of primary fluid inclusions (FIs) are identified in the Liyuan, including pure carbonic, carbonic-aqueous, and aqueous inclusions. The primary FIs of three stages are mainly homogenized at temperatures of 318-408 ∘ C, 201-329 ∘ C, and 136-229 ∘ C, with salinities of 2.1-8.9, 0.5-12.4, and 0.4-6.3 wt.% NaCl equivalent, respectively. The main Au mineralization is related to the middle stage, and water-rock interaction caused rapid precipitation of gold in this stage. The initial ore-forming fluids were likely magmatic water or metamorphic fluid and mixed with meteoric water at later stages. Due to the lack of granite body at the present mining levels, we speculate that it was magmatic water that might have been exsolved from a concealed granite body at greater depth or it was metamorphic fluid that was directly transported from depth via deep faults. Based on all the available geological and geochemical evidence, we suggest that the Liyuan deposit belongs to orogenic gold deposit that located in the interior North China Craton.

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Section: Fluid Immiscibility and Pressure Estimationsmentioning

confidence: 93%

Origin and Evolution of the Ore-Forming Fluids in the Liyuan Gold Deposit, Central North China Craton: Constraints from Fluid Inclusions and H-O-C Isotopic Compositions

Xiong

et al. 2017

Geofluids

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“…This implies that a 6–8 km thick crustal section has been removed by erosion since the Late Cretaceous. Considering the continuation of gold mineralization in Jiaodong has been approved at a depth of <3 km (Wen et al 2016), we propose that the formation depth of gold deposits was c . 6–11 km.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Uplift history of the Jiaodong Peninsula, eastern North China Craton: implications for lithosphere thinning and gold mineralization

et al. 2017

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The link between lithosphere thinning and formation of world-class gold deposits is well established in the Jiaodong Peninsula within the eastern North China Craton (NCC). However, the timing of initiation and duration of the lithospheric thinning process as well as the depth of formation of the mineralization remain uncertain. Since these parameters are fundamental to formulate exploration strategies, in this study we perform fission track (FT) analysis on zircon and apatite grains in Late Mesozoic granitoid samples from the Jiaodong Peninsula and provide new constraints for the mode and duration of lithospheric evolution and mineralization depth. The zircon FT ages range from 64.3 to 90.9 Ma and those of apatite show a range of 32.8–50.9 Ma. The data collectively display age peaks at ~60–80 and ~30–50 Ma. Reverse modelling of the apatite FT results indicates rapid crustal uplift during ~30–80 Ma in the Jiaodong Peninsula. This period coincides with the timing of maximal sedimentation in the neighboring basins and voluminous basaltic eruptions in the eastern NCC. We suggest that the Jiaodong Peninsula has experienced two stages of crust uplift in the Late Cretaceous and Paleogene as a consequence of the continuing lithosphere thinning, together with the surrounding basins, forming the horst–graben system in the eastern NCC. The Late Mesozoic granitoids are the main wall rocks for gold deposits in Jiaodong, and thus the crust denudation history gathered from the FT data suggest that the gold mineralization formed at depths of c. 6–11 km.

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“…Pyrite is a suitable mineral that preserves noble gases from paleo‐fluids (Burnard, Hu, & Turner, ; Hu, Burnard, et al, ; Yamamoto et al, ; Kim et al, ; Wen et al, ). Fluid inclusions in pyrite could well preserve the He and Ar of the paleo‐fluids when the mineral were formed, as their diffusivity from fluid inclusions is much lower than that in mineral crystal lattice (Burnard et al, ; Hu et al, ; Li, Li, Song, & Le, ; Shen et al, ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genesis of the Xiaotongjiapuzi gold deposit of the Liaodong gold province, Northeast China: Fluid inclusion thermometry and S–Pb–H–O–He isotope constraints

Liu

et al. 2019

Geological Journal

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The Xiaotongjiapuzi gold deposit is located in the Liaodong gold province, NE China.The deposit is hosted in the metamorphic rocks of the Proterozoic Liaohe Group, consisting of marble, schist, and granulite. Three alteration/mineralisation stages were identified, namely (a) quartz-pyrite, (b) quartz-polymetallic sulfides, and (c) quartzcarbonate. Four fluid inclusion types were distinguished: liquid-rich two-phase, gas-rich two-phase, CO 2 -bearing, and pure CO 2 . Stage 1 quartz contains liquid-rich two-phase inclusions with salinity of 5.9-14.3 wt.% NaCl equiv. and homogenisation temperatures of 311°C-408°C. Stage 2 quartz contains all four inclusion types, of which the liquid-rich two-phase, gas-rich two-phase, and CO 2 -bearing inclusions yielded homogenisation temperatures of 268°C-376°C and salinity of 4.1-13 wt.% NaCl equiv. In stage 3 quartz, only liquid-rich two-phase inclusions were found, which contain relatively low salinity (1.6-7.6 wt.% NaCl equiv.) and homogenisation temperatures (201°C-254°C), indicating an H 2 O-NaCl-CO 2 system for ore precipitation. Stage 2 δ 18 O w and δD values of quartz minerals are of 0.3‰ to 2.3‰ and −100‰ to −96‰, respectively. Hydrogen and oxygen isotopic compositions indicate that the ore fluids were a mix of magmatic fluid and meteoric water. δ 34 S values of the metallic sulfides from the Xiaotongjiapuzi deposit range from +4.6‰ to +12.9‰, whilst Pb isotopes show small variations: 206 Pb/ 204 Pb = 17.671 to 18.361, 207 Pb/ 204 Pb = 15.569 to 15.659, and 208 Pb/ 204 Pb = 37.695 to 37.937. Sulfur and lead isotopes suggest that the ore-forming materials were derived from the Liaohe Group metamorphic rocks and the Triassic granitoids. 3 He/ 4 He and 40 Ar/ 36 Ar ratios of the fluid inclusions derived of ore-bearing pyrite ranges from 0.27 to 0.53 Ra and 362.2 to 1113.1, respectively, implying that both mantle-and crust-derived fluids were involved in the gold mineralisation. The Xiaotongjiapuzi deposit could be a mesothermal gold deposit, and the fluid phase separation or immiscibility is the dominant mechanism for the deposition of ore-forming materials. KEYWORDS fluid inclusions, isotope geochemistry, Liaodong gold province

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Fluid evolution and ore genesis of the giant Sanshandao gold deposit, Jiaodong gold province, China: Constrains from geology, fluid inclusions and H–O–S–He–Ar isotopic compositions

Cited by 89 publications

References 85 publications

Origin and Evolution of the Ore-Forming Fluids in the Liyuan Gold Deposit, Central North China Craton: Constraints from Fluid Inclusions and H-O-C Isotopic Compositions

Origin and Evolution of the Ore-Forming Fluids in the Liyuan Gold Deposit, Central North China Craton: Constraints from Fluid Inclusions and H-O-C Isotopic Compositions

Uplift history of the Jiaodong Peninsula, eastern North China Craton: implications for lithosphere thinning and gold mineralization

Genesis of the Xiaotongjiapuzi gold deposit of the Liaodong gold province, Northeast China: Fluid inclusion thermometry and S–Pb–H–O–He isotope constraints

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