Fluid replacement during and after exercise in the heat

Carter, Jill E.; Gisolfi, C. V.

doi:10.1249/00005768-198910000-00007

Cited by 43 publications

(21 citation statements)

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“…When 4.5 g NaCl per liter was added to water consumed following exercise, fluid intake was greater and the rate of plasma volume restoration was faster than with water (113). Consumption of a carbohydrateelectrolyte drink containing 9.2 rnM Na following exercise dso resulted in greater fluid intake and increase in plasma volume than when water was consumed (19). Electrolyte drinks may also be beneficial in maintaining plasma volume during prolonged exercise in the heat (19).…”

Section: Sodiummentioning

confidence: 99%

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Vitamin and Mineral Supplementation to Athletes

Haymes

1991

International Journal of Sport Nutrition

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Vitamin and mineral supplements are frequently used by competitive and recreational athletes. Dietary deficiencies of most vitamins are not very common among athletes except in those who restrict their food intake in order to maintain body weight. Vitamins most likely to be deficient in the diet are folate, B,, B,,, and E. Biochemical evidence of vitamin deficiencies in some athletes have been reported for thiamine, riboflavin, and B,. When the diet is deficient, vitamin supplements may improve performance but are not likely to be effective if the dietary intake is adequate. Some female athletes' diets are low in calcium, iron, and zinc. Low calcium intake may reduce peak bone mass in young women. Iron deficiency may impair performance and needs to be corrected with an iron supplement. Zinc supplements that exceed the RDA interfere with the absorption of copper and lower HDLcholesterol.The use of vitamin and mineral supplements by athletes is widespread, especially in the United States. According to recent surveys of supplement use among athletes, more than 50% of elite women distance runners, nonelite women marathon runners and triathletes, and Ironman triathletes of both sexes consume vitamin and mineral supplements regularly (22,32,76,109,164). Thirty percent of nonelite men competing in marathons and triathlons report daily use of vitamin and mineral supplements (109, 164). Use of vitamin supplements is also prevalent among high school and college athletes-56% of males and 33% of females (1 18 In competitive events where the difference between winning and losing is measured in seconds or even a fraction of a second, poor nutrition could have a negative effect. Many athletes take vitamin and mineral supplements to ensure adequate nutrient intake. Other athletes believe that certain vitamins or minerals have ergogenic properties that will improve performance. In this review we will examine whether athletes need additional vitamins and minerals. There are three primary reasons why supplementing the diet with specific vitamins and/or minerals might be beneficial to athletes: (a) The athlete's diet is deficient in one or Emily M. Haymes is with the

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Section: Sodiummentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Consumption of a carbohydrateelectrolyte drink containing 9.2 rnM Na following exercise dso resulted in greater fluid intake and increase in plasma volume than when water was consumed (19). Electrolyte drinks may also be beneficial in maintaining plasma volume during prolonged exercise in the heat (19).…”

Section: Sodiummentioning

confidence: 99%

Vitamin and Mineral Supplementation to Athletes

Haymes

1991

International Journal of Sport Nutrition

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“…Enhanced hydration could mask a CHO effect on core temperature if one exists. The larger volume of CHO-electrolyte fluid ingested 10 or the composition of the CHO-electrolyte beverage when volume is similar [16][17][18] preserves the plasma volume, which could enhance thermoregulation. In one of the few studies with controlled intake and exercise intensity, 19 core temperature did not differ for water or a CHO-electrolyte drink, but all 4 participants experienced a reduction in body weight, and the exercise was done in mild environmental conditions (approximately 256C).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Core Temperature and Metabolic Responses After Carbohydrate Intake During Exercise at 30°C

Horswill

Stofan

Lovett

et al. 2008

Journal of Athletic Training

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Context: Carbohydrate ingestion has recently been associated with elevated core temperature during exercise in the heat when testing for ergogenic effects. Whether the association holds when metabolic rate is controlled is unclear. Such an effect would have undesirable consequences for the safety of the athlete.Objective: To examine whether ingesting fluids containing carbohydrate contributed to an accelerated rise in core temperature and greater overall body heat production during 1 hour of exercise at 306C when the effort was maintained at steady state.Design: Crossover design (repeated measures) in randomized order of treatments of drinking fluids with carbohydrate and electrolytes (CHO) or flavored-water placebo with electrolytes (PLA). The beverages were identical except for the carbohydrate content: CHO 5 93.7 6 11.2 g, PLA 5 0 g.Setting: Research laboratory.Patients or Other Participants: Nine physically fit, endurance-trained adult males. Intervention(s):Using rectal temperature sensors, we measured core temperature during 30 minutes of rest and 60 minutes of exercise at 65% of maximal oxygen uptake (V O 2 max) in the heat (30.66C, 51.8% relative humidity). Participants drank equal volumes (1.6 L) of 2 beverages in aliquots 30 minutes before and every 15 minutes during exercise. Volumes were fixed to approximate sweat rates and minimize dehydration.Main Outcome Measure(s): Rectal temperature and metabolic response (V O 2 , heart rate).Results: Peak temperature, rate of temperature increase, and metabolic responses did not differ between beverage treatments. Initial hydration status, sweat rate, and fluid replacement were also not different between trials, as planned.Conclusions: Ingestion of carbohydrate in fluid volumes that minimized dehydration during 1 hour of steady-state exercise at 306C did not elicit an increase in metabolic rate or core temperature.Key Words: rectal temperature, glucose, fructose, thermoregulation, heat stress Key PointsN Fluid ingestion is a strategy that minimizes dehydration and attenuates the rise in core temperature by maintaining plasma volume. Carbohydrate-electrolyte drinks are often used for this strategy.N The gradient between body temperature and the environment may also be a factor when investigators determine if the effect of extreme environmental conditions, exercise duration and intensity, carbohydrate dose, and compromised hydration status should be considered.N Under controlled conditions, elevated core temperature did not appear to be a risk when beverages containing carbohydrate were ingested at a rate sufficient to maintain hydration during steady-state exercise. E xercise in warm, humid environments increases core body temperature and can cause heat storage in the body. Heat storage increases sweat rate, which may induce dehydration. Independent of hydration status, severe heat storage promotes fatigue and increases the risk of exertional heat stroke. Fluid ingestion is a strategy that minimizes dehydration and attenuates the rise in core temperature by main...

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“…The intake of sodium in or with a fluid helps to preserve thirst, thus increasing spontaneous intake (Nose et al, 1988). The temperature and flavoring of drinks also affect palatability and intake, with studies reporting greater fluid intake during postexercise recovery with sweetened drinks than with plain water (Carter & Gisolfi, 1989).…”

Section: Rehydrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutrition for Recovery in Aquatic Sports

Burke¹,

Mujika²

2014

International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism

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Postexercise recovery is an important topic among aquatic athletes and involves interest in the quality, quantity, and timing of intake of food and fluids after workouts or competitive events to optimize processes such as refueling, rehydration, repair, and adaptation. Recovery processes that help to minimize the risk of illness and injury are also important but are less well documented. Recovery between workouts or competitive events may have two separate goals: (a) restoration of body losses and changes caused by the first session to restore performance for the next and (b) maximization of the adaptive responses to the stress provided by the session to gradually make the body become better at the features of exercise that are important for performance. In some cases, effective recovery occurs only when nutrients are supplied, and an early supply of nutrients may also be valuable in situations in which the period immediately after exercise provides an enhanced stimulus for recovery. This review summarizes contemporary knowledge of nutritional strategies to promote glycogen resynthesis, restoration of fluid balance, and protein synthesis after different types of exercise stimuli. It notes that some scenarios benefit from a proactive approach to recovery eating, whereas others may not need such attention. In fact, in some situations it may actually be beneficial to withhold nutritional support immediately after exercise. Each athlete should use a cost-benefit analysis of the approaches to recovery after different types of workouts or competitive events and then periodize different recovery strategies into their training or competition programs.

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Fluid replacement during and after exercise in the heat

Cited by 43 publications

References 0 publications

Vitamin and Mineral Supplementation to Athletes

Vitamin and Mineral Supplementation to Athletes

Core Temperature and Metabolic Responses After Carbohydrate Intake During Exercise at 30°C

Nutrition for Recovery in Aquatic Sports

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