Fluid Sensing Using Quartz Tuning Forks—Measurement Technology and Applications

Voglhuber-Brunnmaier, Thomas; Niedermayer, A.O.; Feichtinger, F.; Jakoby, Bernhard

doi:10.3390/s19102336

Cited by 26 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…The estimated values of density and viscosity for the various liquids deduced from the hydrodynamic model are shown in Table 2. Figure 4a The measuring precision calculated by the hydrodynamic model is close to that reported by Voglhuber-Brunnmaier T et al [42], which achieves accuracies in the range of 1% in viscosity and 0.1% in mass density. Voglhuber-Brunnmaier T et al [42] uses a generalized reduced order model, which is the most accurate method for measuring fluid density and viscosity with tuning fork sensors at present.…”

Section: Examplesupporting

confidence: 85%

“…Figure 4a The measuring precision calculated by the hydrodynamic model is close to that reported by Voglhuber-Brunnmaier T et al [42], which achieves accuracies in the range of 1% in viscosity and 0.1% in mass density. Voglhuber-Brunnmaier T et al [42] uses a generalized reduced order model, which is the most accurate method for measuring fluid density and viscosity with tuning fork sensors at present. As shown in Figure 4, the relative errors of the eleven liquids' viscosity and density were almost within ±1% and ±0.2%, respectively, by using the hydrodynamic model.…”

Section: Examplesupporting

confidence: 85%

“…As in Voglhuber-Brunnmaier T et al [42], we selected sample Liquid 4 and sample Liquid 5 with known densities and viscosities for calibration in the viscosity range of 2-71.149 mPa·s and density range of 0.778-1.820 g/mL. Since the tuning forks mentioned in [18] and [42] are different in sizes, the values of the calibration parameters A = 5.6337 m 2 /kg, B = 28,133 m/kg and C = 3.0547 × 10 −4 m 3 /kg are also different. The estimated values of density and viscosity for the various liquids deduced from the hydrodynamic model are shown in Table 2.…”

Section: Examplementioning

confidence: 88%

“…By measuring the resonance frequency and quality factor of two liquids with known density and viscosity, the calibration parameters A, B and C can be obtained from Equations (13) and (14). Using the resonance frequency and quality factor of quartz tuning fork reported by J. Toledo et al [18] and Voglhuber-Brunnmaier T et al [42], respectively, to validate the hydrodynamic model, we estimated the density and viscosity values of various liquids after calibration and calculated their relative errors.…”

Section: Model Validationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Hydrodynamic Model for Measuring Fluid Density and Viscosity by Using Quartz Tuning Forks

Zhang

Chen

et al. 2019

Sensors

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A hydrodynamic model of using quartz tuning forks (QTFs) for density and viscosity sensing, by measuring the resonance frequency and quality factor, has been established based on the cantilever beam theory applied to the atomic force microscope (AFM). Two examples are presented to verify the usability of this model. Then, the Sobol index method is chosen for explaining quantitatively how the resonance frequency and quality factor of the QTFs are affected by the fluid density and viscosity, respectively. The results show that the relative mean square error in viscosity of the eight solutions evaluated by the hydrodynamic model is reduced by an order of magnitude comparing with Butterworth-Van Dyke equivalent circuit method. When the measured resonance frequency and quality factor of the QTFs vary from 25,800-26,100 Hz and 28-41, the sensitivities of the quality factor affected by the fluid density increase. This model provides an idea for improving the accuracy of fluid component recognition in real time, and lays a foundation for the application of miniaturized and cost-effective downhole fluid density and viscosity sensors.Sensors 2020, 20, 198 2 of 12 lithium niobate tuning fork were 10.48% and 2.89%, respectively. Although it is a physical fact for tuning fork sensors that the error on density is smaller than that on viscosity [22], we can still reduce the viscosity error to meet the measurement requirements.Tuning fork sensors, microcantilever beam, AlN resonator, torsional resonators and so on, can all be used as sensitive components for the D-V sensor [23][24][25]. On the one hand, quartz tuning forks (QTFs) studied in this paper have high Curie temperature, good stability and high accuracy, which is suitable for downhole high temperature and high pressure environment, and, on the other hand, a millimeter-sized QTF can be integrated in small-scale measurement platforms for downhole deployment. In addition, the QTFs are low-cost and commercially used as frequency standards in watches, working at 32.768 kHz. The QTF is widely used in gas sensing based on photoacoustic spectroscopy and photothermal spectroscopy [26][27][28], and scanning probe microscopy applications such as atomic force microscopy (AFM) [29][30][31] and near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM) [32][33][34]. In order to estimate the density and viscosity of a liquid at the same time, the hydrodynamic model based on the work of Sader, J.E. [35] for the atomic force microscope (AFM) is established, and two examples are verified by using this model.

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Section: Examplesupporting

confidence: 85%

Section: Examplesupporting

confidence: 85%

Section: Examplementioning

confidence: 88%

Section: Model Validationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Hydrodynamic Model for Measuring Fluid Density and Viscosity by Using Quartz Tuning Forks

Zhang

Chen

et al. 2019

Sensors

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“…The measurement results were obtained with the VDC100 measurement cell and the MFA200 resonance analyzer, both provided by MicroResonant [35]. Details on the instrument and the dimensions of the QTF can be found e.g., in [36,37]. The parameters of the reference fluids and the measured resonance parameters are shown in Table 1.…”

Section: Quartz Tuning Fork Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Higher-Order Models for Resonant Viscosity and Mass-Density Sensors

Voglhuber-Brunnmaier

Jakoby

2020

Sensors

Self Cite

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Advanced fluid models relating viscosity and density to resonance frequency and quality factor of vibrating structures immersed in fluids are presented. The numerous established models which are ultimately all based on the same approximation are refined, such that the measurement range for viscosity can be extended. Based on the simple case of a vibrating cylinder and dimensional analysis, general models for arbitrary order of approximation are derived. Furthermore, methods for model parameter calibration and the inversion of the models to determine viscosity and/or density from measured resonance parameters are shown. One of the two presented fluid models is a viscosity-only model, where the parameters of it can be calibrated without knowledge of the fluid density. The models are demonstrated for a tuning fork-based commercial instrument, where maximum deviations between measured and reference viscosities of approximately ±0.5% in the viscosity range from 1.3 to 243 mPas could be achieved. It is demonstrated that these results show a clear improvement over the existing models.

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Development of liquid level measurement technology: A review

Mohindru

2023

Flow Measurement and Instrumentation

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Fluid Sensing Using Quartz Tuning Forks—Measurement Technology and Applications

Cited by 26 publications

References 43 publications

A Hydrodynamic Model for Measuring Fluid Density and Viscosity by Using Quartz Tuning Forks

A Hydrodynamic Model for Measuring Fluid Density and Viscosity by Using Quartz Tuning Forks

Higher-Order Models for Resonant Viscosity and Mass-Density Sensors

Development of liquid level measurement technology: A review

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