The Fourier law and its various modifications have been widely used to study
various thermal problems with great success, but many thermal phenomena
cannot yet be explained, for example, the effect of pore size and
distribution on the heat transfer of a porous medium, the extremely high
thermal conductivity of metasurfaces, and the moisture transfer through a
fabric. This short article shows the current state of thermal science for
modern science and technology, and its challenge in the future.