Fluidized Bed Oxidation of n-Butane: A New Commercial Process for Maleic Anhydride

Activation of Vanadium Phosphorus Oxide Catalysts for Alkane Oxidation. The Influence of the Oxidation State on Catalyst Selectivity

“…In fixed-bed processes, an important feature of the VPO formation process is an extended catalyst breakin period (typically 200-500 h) (Centi et al, 1988;Stefani et al, 1990; Ebner and Gleaves, 1988;Centi et al, 1989). During this time the "non-equilibrated" catalyst is exposed to an air-butane reaction mixture and undergoes changes in oxidation state and in the relative concentrations of different VPO phases (Centi et al, 1988;Centi, 1993).…”

n-Butane Oxidation to Maleic Anhydride: Reaction Mechanism and Kinetics Over VPO Catalyst

“…DuPont’s attrition-resistant catalyst and circulating solids riser reactor technologies have the prospect to enhance overall costs. The simplified process flow diagram and typical description of each technology are provided in Table S1. ,, In conclusion, each type of reactor has its own advantages and disadvantages. The modification and improvement of the reactor configuration are still ongoing in order to achieve high selectivity and energy conservation in the process.…”

Fluidized-Bed Reactors

“…2.4.2.) [2], [9], [117]; the ammoxidation of isobutane to methacrylonitrile [2]; the synthesis of maleic anhydride from the naphtha cracker C 4 fraction ( Mitsubishi process, e.g., [118], [119]) or from n-butane ( ALMA process [120], [121]) (→ Maleic and Fumaric Acids); the re-action of acetylene with acetic acid to vinyl acetate [2]; the oxychlorination of ethylene to 1,2-dichloroethane (→ Chlorinated Hydrocarbons) [2], [9], [122], [123]; the chlorination of methane [2]; the reaction of phenol with methanol to cresol and 2,6-xylenol [2], [124]; the reaction of methanol to gasoline [125], [126]; the synthesis of phthalonitrile by ammoxidation of o-xylene (→ Phthalic Acid and Derivatives, Chap. 4.2.1.)…”