Fluids and Elastomers for Low-Temperature Heat Transfer and Hydraulic Systems

Armstrong, C. S.

doi:10.1080/05698196608972122

Cited by 10 publications

(12 citation statements)

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“…Biological variation was reported to be responsible for approximately 96% of the intraindividual variation in VO,. The resulting estimate of 4 % for technological variation is considerably less than the 10% reported by Armstrong and Costill (2). but very similar to that reported by Morgan et al (23).…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 84%

“…However. there are suggestive data indicating that as speed is increased across trials to approximate that of a usual training speed the intraindividual variation will concomitantly decrease (2,23,31). Pereira and colleagues (25) reported a small mean (1.47%) and narrow range (0.71 to 1.86%) in the CV for 5 trained male runners, which may be partly the result of the careful control of extrinsic factors in this study, such as time of testing, diet, footwear, and relative workload (approximately 70% W0,max for all subjects).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…However, there are many methodological limitations in the current investigations that have examined intraindividual variation (2,22,23,25,31). For example, some of the studies investigating intra-individual variation in submaximal treadmill running have not included estimates of the proportion of variability due to technological error (22.31 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Armstrong and Costill(2) included cyclists i n their study, which may have inflated their estimates of treadmill exercise intraindividual variation (mean CV = 3.8%) in comparison to other studies, as cyclists are not necessarily habituated to running. This study estimated technological variation to represent approximately 10% of the total intraindividual variation i n WO, ( 2 ) .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Intraindividual Variation of Running Economy in Highly Trained and Moderately Trained Males

Pereira

Freedson

1997

Int J Sports Med

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Previous studies of intraindividual variation in running economy have not compared within-subject variability between groups of runners differing in training level, nor have they considered the workload of the submaximal but relative to the lactate breakpoint. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to assess intraindividual variation in submaximal oxygen consumption (VO2) during steady rate treadmill running below the lactate breakpoint in highly trained (n = 7) and moderately trained (n = 8) male runners. Subjects completed a discontinuous VO2 max protocol with blood sampling to determine the lactate breakpoint. Three 15 minute level treadmill bouts at approximately 88% of the lactate breakpoint were then performed. Time of day, day of the week, diet, and and footwear were controlled within each subject across the three tests. Statistically significant differences were found between groups in VO2 max, relative fat, training mileage, and 10 km race time (p < 0.01), while the lactate breakpoint was similar between groups (integral of 80% of VO2 max). The difference in treadmill speed between highly trained and moderately trained runners for the submaximal bouts was statistically significant (p < 0.01) and correlated with reported training paces (r = 0.82). Although the mean coefficient of variation for steady rate VO2 was smaller for the highly trained group, the difference was not statistically significant (highly trained = 1.77%, moderately trained = 2.00%; p > 0.05). The mean coefficient of variation for all 15 subjects was 1.90%. After accounting for technological error, biological variation was found to comprise approximately 94% of the intraindividual variation in running economy. In comparison to other studies, these results suggest that workloads below the lactate breakpoint may allow more stable measures of running economy to be obtained.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 84%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Intraindividual Variation of Running Economy in Highly Trained and Moderately Trained Males

Pereira

Freedson

1997

Int J Sports Med

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“…In addition, wear in the ball pockets of the retainer car, be excessive [5][6][7] , which can lead to premature retainer failur:T and thus catastrophic failure of the bearing. A class of fluids which exhibits many of the properties required for cryogenic applications is the fluorinated polyethers [6][7][8][9] While some of the fluid properties such as viscosity and heat-transfer characteristics are clearly defined, the ability of the fluid to provide adequate lubrication needs to be determined experimentally.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%