1995
DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(95)80148-7
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Fluorescence lifetime imaging by asynchronous pump-probe microscopy

Abstract: We report the development of a scanning lifetime fluorescence microscope using the asynchronous, pump-probe (stimulated emission) approach. There are two significant advantages of this technique. First, the cross-correlation signal produced by overlapping the pump and probe lasers results in i) an axial sectioning effect similar to that in confocal and two-photon excitation microscopy, and ii) improved spatial resolution compared to conventional one-photon fluorescence microscopy. Second, the low-frequency, cr… Show more

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Cited by 105 publications
(68 citation statements)
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“…Pump-probe spectroscopy is a powerful time-resolved technique for the characterization of excited-state dynamics in various materials. Owing to its high temporal resolution, pumpprobe has been successfully employed to monitor ultrafast lighttriggered processes like photosynthetic light harvesting, [9][10][11] early photochemical processes involved in human vision, [12][13][14] and charge and energy transfer in organic [15][16][17][18] and organic/ inorganic semiconductors. [ 19 , 20 ] This paper focuses on pumpprobe spectroscopy as a tool to monitor three fundamental processes: optical gain, exciton dissociation and charge transport.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Pump-probe spectroscopy is a powerful time-resolved technique for the characterization of excited-state dynamics in various materials. Owing to its high temporal resolution, pumpprobe has been successfully employed to monitor ultrafast lighttriggered processes like photosynthetic light harvesting, [9][10][11] early photochemical processes involved in human vision, [12][13][14] and charge and energy transfer in organic [15][16][17][18] and organic/ inorganic semiconductors. [ 19 , 20 ] This paper focuses on pumpprobe spectroscopy as a tool to monitor three fundamental processes: optical gain, exciton dissociation and charge transport.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Stimulated emission was later used as a fundamental principle for light amplification in the laser 5 . The depopulation aspect of stimulated emission has been used for population dumping from excited states 6 , super-resolution fluorescence (STED) microscopy 7 , and fluorescence lifetime imaging 8 . Here we utilize the light amplification aspect of stimulated emission as a contrast mechanism for highly sensitive imaging of chromophores with undetectable fluorescence.…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…12,14 Although pulsed systems are effective multiharmonic pump and probe sources, they are often available only as large and expensive units that require regular maintenance. Our motivation in introducing intensity-modulated laser diodes as pump and probe sources is to economize and improve the pump-probe technology.…”
Section: Motivation For Using Laser Diodes In Pump-probe Methodologymentioning
confidence: 99%