Fluorescent, MRI, and colorimetric chemical sensors for the first-row d-block metal ions

Abstract

Transition metals (d-blocks) are recognized as playing critical roles in biology, and they most often act as cofactors in diverse enzymes; however, improper regulation of transition metal stores is also connected to serious disorders. Therefore, the monitoring and imaging of transition metals are significant for biological research as well as clinical diagnosis. In this article, efforts have been made to review the chemical sensors that have been developed for the detection of the first-row d-block metals (except Cu and Zn): Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, and Ni. We focus on the development of fluorescent sensors (fall into three classes: "turn-off", "turn-on", and ratiometric), colorimetric sensors, and responsive MRI contrast agents for these transition metals (242 references). Future work will be likely to fill in the blanks: (1) sensors for Sc, Ti, and V; (2) MRI sensors for Cr, Mn, Co, Ni; (3) ratiometric fluorescent sensors for Cr(6+), Mn(2+), and Ni(2+), explore new ways of sensing Fe(3+) or Cr(3+) without the proton interference, as well as extend applications of MRI sensors to living systems.

Salicylyl Fluorene Derivatives as Fluorescent Sensors for Cu(II) Ions

“…Due to the emerging environmental and food safety concerns, a large number of fluorescent sensors for toxic substances have been extensively developed during the past few decades [1][2][3]. The outstanding progress of this research field might also attribute to several advantages of fluorescence spectroscopy over other analytical techniques, for example, its economical instrument and simple operation, ease of sample preparation, robust and non-destructive methodology, and relatively high sensitivity [4].…”

A novel rhodamine-based fluorescent probe for the fluorogenic and chromogenic detection of Pd2+ ions and its application in live-cell imaging

“…Thus, the governmental regulation on the level of dietary intake of palladium for an adult is less than 1. [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] μg per person per day [9]. Therefore, it is necessary to develop convenient and effective methods for highly selective and sensitive detection of palladium in various samples.…”

Synthesis and recognition properties for copper ions and cyanide anions of two coumarin hydrazide compounds

“…However, cyanides are widely used in many industrial fields, such as electroplating and synthetic fibers [3,5]. During the past decades, many optical chemosensors for copper ions [6][7][8][9][10][11][12] and cyanide anions [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21] have attracted the interests of a lot of chemists. But most chemosensors can recognize one kind of ions.…”