“…Here we briefly summarise common phantoms used for biomedical polarimetric techniques. These techniques include polarised wide-field microscopy 16 , 24 , 183 , polarised light spatial frequency imaging 184 , polarimetric endoscopy 185 – 190 , spectral light scattering polarimetry 18 , 82 , 191 – 193 , polarised fluorescence spectroscopy 194 – 196 , polarised confocal microscopy 197 , polarised Raman-spectroscopy 198 , 199 , polarised super-resolution microscopy 154 , 155 , polarisation sensitive optical coherence tomography 200 – 218 , non-diffraction beam polarimetry (such as Bessel beam based) 219 , polarisation-resolved nonlinear microscopy (including second/third harmonic generation) 220 – 226 , and polarised speckle imaging 213 , 227 (several techniques will be mentioned again in the Discussion). The relationship between incoherence and depolarisation of the light should be kept in mind when considering coherence based polarimetric techniques: they are different but related optical concepts.…”