Fluorescent Nanodiamonds in Biomedical Applications

Abstract

Nanoparticles have an extended surface and a large surface area, which is the ratio of the size of the surface area to the volume. A functionalized surface can give rise to more modifications and therefore allows this nanomaterial to have new properties. Fluorescent molecules contain fluorophore, which is capable of being excited via the absorption of light energy at a specific wavelength and subsequently emitting radiation energy of a longer wavelength. A chemically modified surface of nanodiamond (ND; by carboxylation) demonstrated biocompatibility with DNA, cytochrome C, and antigens. In turn, fluorescent nanodiamonds (FNDs) belong to a group of new nanomaterials. Their surface can be modified by joining functional groups such as carboxyl, hydroxyl, or amino, after which they can be employed as a fluorescence agent. Their fluorescent properties result from defects in the crystal lattice. FNDs reach dimensions of 4-100 nm, have attributes such as photostability, long fluorescence lifetimes (10 ns), and fluorescence emission between 600 and 700 nm. They are also nontoxic, chemically inert, biocompatible, and environmentally harmless. The main purpose of this article was to present the medical applications of various types of modified NDs.

Thermometric Characterization of Fluorescent Nanodiamonds Suitable for Biomedical Applications

“…Nanodiamonds receive special attention within the range of nanocarbon materials due to their outstanding physical and chemical features [5,6]. This versatile material exhibits low cytotoxicity at the cellular level [7,8] and is considered the most biocompatible of all carbon-containing derivatives [9,10].…”

The Fate of Lipid-Coated and Uncoated Fluorescent Nanodiamonds during Cell Division in Yeast

“…For biological applications, the excellent biocompatibility of fluorescent nanodiamonds is also crucial [9]. In several previous studies, FNDs are introduced in mammalian cells and have shown no negative effects [10][11][12]. From these studies, it is known that mammalian cells passively take up FNDs in different ways depending on the cell type and exact conditions.…”

Active Carbon-Based Nanomaterials in Food Packaging

“…Carbon-based nanomaterials are a very differentiated group covering allotropic forms with a distinct crystallographic structure. Particularly interesting materials are powders and nanopowders, because they have a developed surface with the possibility of chemical and plasma-chemical functionalization of their surfaces [1][2][3][4][5]. Finally, it is possible to obtain films and laminates with modified carbon nanostructures that have controlled surface activity for packaging fat-containing products [2][3][4][6][7][8].…”

“…Particularly interesting materials are powders and nanopowders, because they have a developed surface with the possibility of chemical and plasma-chemical functionalization of their surfaces [1][2][3][4][5]. Finally, it is possible to obtain films and laminates with modified carbon nanostructures that have controlled surface activity for packaging fat-containing products [2][3][4][6][7][8]. Different allotropic forms of carbon (diamond, graphite, carbine) and various forms of carbon (graphene, nanotubes, fullerenes) influence the colonization and biological activity of foodborne pathogens on chicken embryo development, including angiogenesis.…”