Fluorescence and phosphorescence lifetime imaging microscopies (FLIM and PLIM) have found applications at the interface between life and physical sciences with relevance to biomedicine. This chapter outlines a facet of the broader optical imaging landscape, by exploring the applications of FLIM and PLIM that can help elucidate the fate of molecular probes when located within specific cellular environments. We highlight several case studies of advances in microscopy using FLIM and PLIM, with a focus on the detection of chemical probes within living cells, encompassing selected recent published work over the past decade and with a particular focus on metal complexes and related molecular materials, including carbon-based nanoparticles. We also aim to show how variations in fluorescence lifetimes can be applied to gain a deeper understanding of molecular interactions in the quest to pinpoint both static and dynamic cellular processes, as well as the cellular environment. There are prospects in the applications of the technology in the near-infrared (NIR) spectrum: this extension of current lifetime imaging capabilities by employing detectors and probes suited to address the NIR technologies has several advantages and could revolutionize the biomedical imaging, sensing and diagnostics domains, by enabling deeper tissue penetration and mitigating autofluorescence. This approach to imaging NIR-emitting probes using lifetime imaging could open new avenues for cutting-edge research and applications at the interface between physical, life and biomedical sciences.