Fluorescent Probes for Selective Recognition of Hypobromous Acid: Achievements and Future Perspectives

Abstract

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been implicated in numerous pathological processes and their homeostasis facilitates the dynamic balance of intracellular redox states. Among ROS, hypobromous acid (HOBr) has a high similarity to hypochlorous acid (HOCl) in both chemical and physical properties, whereas it has received relatively little attention. Meanwhile, selective recognition of endogenous HOBr suffers great challenges due to the fact that the concentration of this molecule is much lower than that of HOCl. Fluorescence-based detection systems have emerged as very important tools to monitor biomolecules in living cells and organisms owing to distinct advantages, particularly the temporal and spatial sampling for in vivo imaging applications. To date, the development of HOBr-specific fluorescent probes is still proceeding quite slowly, and the research related to this area has not been systematically summarized. In this review, we are the first to review the progress made so far in fluorescent probes for selective recognition and detection of HOBr. The molecular structures, sensing mechanisms, and their successful applications of these probes as bioimaging agents are discussed here in detail. Importantly, we hope this review will call for more attention to this rising field, and that this could stimulate new future achievements.

Bromate reduction by Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 is mediated by dimethylsulfoxide reductase

“…S. oneidensis MR-1 has no protein homologous to Cld, supporting the idea that S. oneidensis MR-1 is not a bromate-respiring bacterium, and that the possible intermediate hypobromous acid may be scavenged by abiotic reaction. Hypobromous acid and hypochlorous acid share a high similarity, and hypochlorous acid can react with the antioxidant reduced glutathione (GSH) to form chloride ( Winterbourn and Brennan, 1997 ; Fang and Dehaen, 2021 ); thus, hypobromous acid may also be reduced to bromide by GSH. GSH is ubiquitous in proteobacteria, and S. oneidensis MR-1 is found to possess two genes, gsh A and gsh B, necessary for synthesis of GSH ( Masip et al, 2006 ).…”

Translational Application of Fluorescent Molecular Probes for the Detection of Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species Associated with Intestinal Reperfusion Injury

“…They also observed relevant intestinal mucosal lesions and reduced concentration of goblet cells, a significant increase in apoptosis, greater macrophage infiltration, detachment, and structural disarrangement of the small intestine epithelium [78] (Figure 2). The development of new versatile fluorescent probes with the possibility of high yield, high photostability, fast response time, low detection limit, high sensitivity and selectivity, low cytotoxicity, is what has been pursued by research aimed at diagnosing and interpreting evolution [79]. It is imperative for redox researchers to understand the detection mechanism and limitations of fluorescent probes in order to draw appropriate conclusions.…”

The mitochondrial proteomic changes of rat hippocampus induced by 28-day simulated microgravity

“…Mitochondria are essential for aerobic eukaryotes and are the most important energy supply organelles [ 9 , 10 ]. Mitochondria participate in key central metabolic pathways, and are fully integrated into intracellular signaling networks that regulate multiple cellular functions, including ATP production, regulation of excitotoxicity, intracellular Ca 2+ homeostasis, production of reactive oxygen species, release of cytochrome c and induction of cell apoptosis [ 11 , 12 ].…”