Fluorescent probes for the detection of chemical warfare agents

Abstract

In this review, we comprehensively summarize the fluorescent probes reported in the literature for all known kinds of chemical warfare agents (CWAs).

3‐Pyrrolyl BODIPY Based Schiff Base Fluorophores: A Selective Chemodosimetric and Optical Sensor for Diethyl Chlorophosphate

“…Hence, selective detection of DCP is important in the context of the environment, physiology, and social security. [9][10][11][12][13] Thus, the recent focus has been reoriented towards ultra-sensitive and selective detection of DCP with 'turn-on' type molecular systems.…”

“…As a corollary, the on‐site, real‐time selective detection and evaluation for impact assessment of organophosphates and their degraded products are needed. Diethyl chlorophosphate (DCP), [9–10] an alternative safe simulant and less toxic for laboratory research but having similar chemical reactivity as sarin and tabun (most toxic chemical warfare agents), offers significant practical applicability in comparison to other OPs. Hence, selective detection of DCP is important in the context of the environment, physiology, and social security [9–13] .…”

“…Diethyl chlorophosphate (DCP), [9–10] an alternative safe simulant and less toxic for laboratory research but having similar chemical reactivity as sarin and tabun (most toxic chemical warfare agents), offers significant practical applicability in comparison to other OPs. Hence, selective detection of DCP is important in the context of the environment, physiology, and social security [9–13] . Thus, the recent focus has been reoriented towards ultra‐sensitive and selective detection of DCP with ‘turn‐on’ type molecular systems.…”

Recent advances in fluorescent and colorimetric chemosensors for the detection of chemical warfare agents: a legacy of the 21st century

“…Ideally, to explore practical solutions to the existing problems related to selectivity, sensitivity, speed, portability, and cost, chemical sensors/detection are considered to be the more promising solution, particularly when exploring approaches based on supramolecular tools. 260 Due to the diverse chemical nature of each class of CW agents ( i.e. , nerve agents, blister agents, blood agents, choking agents, and toxins), different chemical approaches have been exploited in each case.…”

Effects of Halogenation on Quinoline‐Malononitrile‐based AIEgens: Photophysical Properties Investigation and Wash‐Free Imaging

“…Owing to the high sensitivity, remarkable resolution, and excellent specificity of fluorescence imaging technology, scientists have developed a series of fluorescent probes to explore the role of small molecular fluorescent probes in disease diagnosis and clinical treatment. [1][2][3][4][5][6] Unfortunately, because traditional fluorescent dyes generally have a large planar conjugate structure, there is a severe π-π stacking interaction between molecules, so the energy in the excited state is released via nonradiative pathways, causing dye molecules to show weak fluorescence in the aggregate state, the phenomenon of which is called aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ) effect. [7] Therefore, considerable efforts have been made to provide new opportunities for overcoming the ACQ effect, for instance, introducing water medium through peripheral substituents and axial ligands to alleviate aggregation concerns.…”