Fluorescent properties of model chromophores of tyrosine-66 substituted mutants of Aequorea green fluorescent protein (GEP)

Smaller 145th residue makes fluorescent protein non-fluorescent: Fluorescence lifetimes of enhanced yellow fluorescent protein (eYFP) Y145 mutants and H148 mutants

“…However, a general fundamental mechanism that applies to all FPs has not been clarified, and the essential question concerning why FPs are fluorescent has remained unanswered. It is noteworthy that the synthesized model compounds of GFP chromophore do not emit fluorescence [4,5]. Aequorea GFP forms an 11-stranded ␤-barrel structure, and the chromophore (Figure 1a) is located in the center of the ␤-barrel and protected from the surrounding environment [6,7].…”

Synthesis and properties of the red chromophore of the green-to-red photoconvertible fluorescent protein Kaede and its analogs

“…Emission spectra were corrected for photomultiplier response. Fluorescence quantum yields of chromophores in basic DMF were determined by using purified DsRed2 as a reference standard (quantum yield 0.55) [31].…”

“…Oxidation of readily available 2-methylimidazolones 1 [31] with selenium dioxide in refluxing dioxane provided aldehydes 2 (Scheme 2). In case of imidazolone 1a, the desired aldehyde underwent decomposition to unidentified products on attempt of chromatographic purification.…”

Variation of spectral, structural, and vibrational properties within the intrinsically fluorescent proteins family: A density functional study

“…In addition, we also addressed the synthetic chromophore models of some red IFPs, reported in Figure 3, namely HBMPI, HBMPDI and asFPII. While the model chromophore of GFP was successfully synthesized in structures identical with our theoretical models, 47,48 in the cases of red IFPs chromophores, due to poor chemical stability in solution, 29 the alternative structures shown in Figure 3 were reported for studies in solution.…”