Fluoride Intake in Japanese Children Aged 3–5 Years by the Duplicate-Diet Technique

Abstract

This study was conducted to determine the fluoride intakes in 94 preschool children aged 3, 4 and 5 (n = 30, 30, 34, respectively) residing in Yokkaichi, Mie Prefecture (< 0.16 ppm F water supply). The parents duplicated all the diets that their children ingested on 3 separate days during a 1-year period. The acid-diffusible fluoride in the diet was isolated by the acid-diffusion technique and measured with a fluoride electrode. The mean daily fluoride intakes from diet alone by children aged 3, 4 and 5 were 0.30 mg (n = 29, SD 0.19), 0.28 mg (n = 30, SD 0.19) and 0.30 mg (n = 34, SD 0.19), respectively. The total estimated mean values from diet and dentifrice were 0.35 mg (n = 29, SD 0.22, range 0.13–1.00), 0.33 mg (n = 30, SD 0.19, range 0.13–0.86) and 0.39 mg (n = 34, SD 0.18, range 0.18–1.01), respectively. It was concluded that the mean (±SD) total fluoride from diet and dentifrice in 3- to 5-year-old Japanese children was 0.35 ± 0.19 mg/day (0.021 ± 0.012 mg/kg body weight).

Iron, Zinc, Manganese and Copper Intakes in Japanese Children Aged 3 to 5 Years

“…A total of 94 children (30 children aged 3 y, 30 children aged 4 y, and 34 children aged 5 y) from nursery schools and kindergartens in Yokkaichi, Mie, Japan, participated in the survey. Duplicate portions of all foods and drinks that they consumed were collected by the duplication-portion technique for a total of 3 d on 1 d each in summer, autumn and winter during the year 1999 school (April 1999 to March 2000) ( 14 ). Duplicate diets were collected on normal days, not special days for events in nursery schools or kindergartens and at home, so that regular meals could be collected as samples.…”

Fluoride Intake from Food and Liquid in Japanese Children Living in Two Areas with Different Fluoride Concentrations in the Water Supply

“…Broffitt et al [2004] reported that the average daily intake of beverages for children aged 12-72 months peaked in the summer months. Some previous studies reported no significant seasonal variation of fluoride intake [Chowdhury et al, 1996;Kimura et al, 2001;Murakami et al, 2002]. However, there was also a report that when the data were adjusted on the assumption that the fluoride concentration in drinking water during the cooler seasons had been maintained at a level equal to that during the warmer seasons, the fluoride intake from the diet during the hot season was significantly higher compared with that during the cold season ].…”

“…0.03 ppm) in Japan. Kimura et al [2001] found that children aged 2-6 years ingested 0.015-0.021 mg F/kg/day and Murakami et al [2002] reported that children aged 3-5 years ingested 0.016-0.02 mg F/kg/ day from their diet alone. In other countries, studies using the duplicate-diet technique for children (16 months-4 years) have estimated the mean fluoride intakes from diet alone in nonfluoridated ( !…”

“…It is necessary to investigate the fluoride intake from various sources, such as food and drink, in some areas containing fluoride of varying concentrations in the drinking water. Although Kimura et al [2001] and Murakami et al [2002] measured the fluoride intakes from the diet in Japanese children, both were reports from low fluoride concentration areas ( ! 0.1 ppm).…”

The Total Diet Study: Changes in Food Safety Since the First TDS

“…This can be especially useful for well defined population subgroups, such as vegetarians (MAFF, 2000;Clarke et al, 2003), children (Wilhelm et al, 2002;Murakami et al, 2003), breastfeeding mothers (Gulson et al, 2001), adult women (Tsuda et al, 1995), or people who consume catering establishment meals (Leblanc et al, 2000). However, such studies are very costly in terms of participant involvement and management and are used for small groups of people only (IPCS, 2000).…”