Fluoride occurrence in publicly supplied drinking water in Estonia

Karro, Enn; Indermitte, Ene; Saava, Astrid; Haamer, Kadri; Marandi, Andres

doi:10.1007/s00254-006-0217-1

Cited by 29 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…The initial study population consisted of 485 first-and secondgrade primary school children enrolled from 10 schools (10% of all schools) in the region around Tartu, southeastern Estonia [Honkala et al, 2011;Runnel et al, 2013a], where the fluoride content in drinking water is low [Karro et al, 2006]. The mean age of children was 9.1 years in the erythritol group and 8.7 years in the xylitol and sorbitol groups.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Erythritol and Xylitol on Dental Caries Prevention in Children

et al. 2014

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Objective: The aim of this study was to test the efficacy of long-term, daily intake of erythritol and xylitol candy, compared with sorbitol candy, on the development of enamel and dentin caries lesions. Methods: The study was a double-blind randomized controlled prospective clinical trial. Altogether 485 primary school children, first- and second-graders at baseline, from southeastern Estonia participated in this 3-year intervention. Each child consumed four erythritol, xylitol or sorbitol (control) candies three times per school day. The daily intake of polyol was about 7.5 g. The International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS) was used in the clinical examinations by four calibrated examiners at baseline and at 12, 24 and 36 months. Results: The annual examination analyses and the follow-up analyses confirmed that the number of dentin caries teeth and surfaces at 24 months follow-up and surfaces at 36 months follow-up was significantly lower in the mixed dentition in the erythritol group than in the xylitol or control group. Time of enamel/dentin caries lesions to develop and of dentin caries lesions to progress was significantly longer in the erythritol group compared to the sorbitol and xylitol groups. Also the increase in caries score was lower in the erythritol group than in the other groups. Conclusions: In the follow-up examinations, a lower number of dentin caries teeth and surfaces was found in the erythritol group than in the xylitol or control groups. Time to the development of caries lesions was longest in the erythritol group. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT01062633.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Erythritol and Xylitol on Dental Caries Prevention in Children

et al. 2014

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“…Excessive concentrations of these elements are frequently encountered in western Estonia, where a carbonate Silurian-Ordovician aquifer system is the most prominent drinking water source (Karro et al, 2006Karro and Uppin, 2013). The natural concentrations of B and F -in western Estonian groundwater reach up to 2.1 and 6.1 mg/l, respectively.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of boron and fluoride sources in groundwater: Batch dissolution of carbonate rocks in water

Uppin

Karro

2013

Geochem. J.

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High natural fluoride (up to 6.1 mg/l) and boron (up to 2.1 mg/l) concentrations in groundwater are recorded in western Estonia, where a carbonaceous Silurian-Ordovician aquifer system is the main source of drinking water. The aim of this study is to examine the dissolution of boron and fluoride from different carbonate rocks using batch dissolution tests. The total boron and fluorine concentration within carbonate rocks varies between 100-1000 and 5-150 mg/kg, respectively. Generally, boron and fluoride concentrations increase as the amount of terrigenous material in the rock increases. Laboratory leaching experiments showed that the amount of leached boron and fluoride was proportional to the content of these elements in the rock samples. Further, boron and fluoride concentrations in leachates were positively correlated with the amount of terrigenous material in rocks. Both boron and fluoride concentrations in leachates continually rose over 49 days of leaching. Long-term water-rock interaction is responsible for the high boron and fluoride contents in groundwater of western Estonia.

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“…In these areas, there is no industry or any human activity that can cause anthropogenic contamination of fluoride into the groundwater. High levels of fluoride are due to geogenic source -natural Silurian and Ordovician rocks [13].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The survey of drinking water supply in Estonia from the point of view of public health

Indermitte¹,

Saava²,

Kull³

2006

WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment, Vol 93

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Access to a sufficient supply of safe drinking water is essential in maintaining public health. The quality of water and associated health risks vary throughout the world with some regions showing contamination of drinking water by pathogens or high levels of chemical compounds, whereas elsewhere these are very low and present no problem for human health. Considerable variations also occur on a more local level within countries. The purpose of the study was to analyse the status of public water supply and drinking water quality in towns and rural settlements of Estonia and its possible impact on public health. The basis of the study was the Health Protection Inspectorate database on the water suppliers and water quality. A special study was carried out to determine fluoride content (the main toxic chemical of concern in Estonia) in drinking water. All towns and rural settlements with water supply systems serving at least 100 inhabitants were visited and water samples were taken. The access to public drinking water supplies by counties was analysed. The exposure of the population to selected chemicals of concern was determined. Estonia is characterised by a large proportion of small water supplies. It makes the safeguarding of water quality and control complicated. The percentage of the population exposed to toxic compounds (fluoride, boron) was small and this occurred mainly in the case of small water supplies. At the same time a considerable amount of the population is influenced by undesirable chemicals (iron, manganese, etc.). These substances are non-toxic but disturb the conditions of water usage and quality of life. The priority in planning and improving public water supply should be given to activities minimising the health risks from toxic components in drinking water.

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Fluoride occurrence in publicly supplied drinking water in Estonia

Cited by 29 publications

References 18 publications

Effect of Erythritol and Xylitol on Dental Caries Prevention in Children

Effect of Erythritol and Xylitol on Dental Caries Prevention in Children

Determination of boron and fluoride sources in groundwater: Batch dissolution of carbonate rocks in water

The survey of drinking water supply in Estonia from the point of view of public health

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