Fluorinated (Nano)Carbons: CFx Electrodes and CFx‐Based Batteries

Sharma, Neeraj; Dubois, Marc; Guérin, Katia; Pischedda, V.; Radescu, S.

doi:10.1002/ente.202000605

Cited by 49 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 176 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…During the first discharge process, double potential plateaus were observed due to different reactions of the LTO with the added MWCNTs and fluorinated MWCNTs. The plateau levels at approximately 2.30 V or higher could be explained based on the irreversible reaction mechanism [ 35 , 36 ] between fluorinated carbon (CF x ) and lithium that occurs during the lithium primary battery reaction, as shown in Equation (1) below. xLi+ + CF x + xe − → x LiF + C …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of Thermally Fluorinated Multi-Wall Carbon Nanotubes as an Additive to an Li4Ti5O12 Lithium Ion Battery

Jeong

Lim

et al. 2023

Nanomaterials

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In this study, multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were modified by thermal fluorination to improve dispersibility between MWCNTs and Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) and were used as additives to compensate for the disadvantages of LTO anode materials with low electronic conductivity. The degree of fluorination of the MWCNTs was controlled by modifying the reaction time at constant fluorination temperature; the clear structure and surface functional group changes in the MWCNTs due to the degree of fluorination were determined. In addition, the homogeneous dispersion in the LTO was improved due to the strong electronegativity of fluorine. The F-MWCNT conductive additive was shown to exhibit an excellent electrochemical performance as an anode for lithium ion batteries (LIBs). In particular, the optimized LTO with added fluorinated MWCNTs not only exhibited a high specific capacity of 104.8 mAh g−1 at 15.0 C but also maintained a capacity of ~116.8 mAh g−1 at a high rate of 10.0 C, showing a capacity almost 1.4 times higher than that of LTO with the addition of pristine MWCNTs and an improvement in the electrical conductivity. These results can be ascribed to the fact that the semi-ionic C–F bond of the fluorinated MWCNTs reacts with the Li metal during the charge/discharge process to form LiF, and the fluorinated MWCNTs are converted into MWCNTs to increase the conductivity due to the bridge effect of the conductive additive, carbon black, with LTO.

show abstract

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of Thermally Fluorinated Multi-Wall Carbon Nanotubes as an Additive to an Li4Ti5O12 Lithium Ion Battery

Jeong

Lim

et al. 2023

Nanomaterials

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…However, there are still some shortcomings, among which the biggest obstacle is the inconsistency between its actual voltage and theoretical voltage. 21 The thermodynamic theoretical voltage of CF x /Li cell is calculated to be over 4.5 V, while many scenarios only display a discharge plateau of about 2.5 V with mild working condition (e.g., 25 °C and 0.1C rate). 5,22 The reason for this large voltage deviation is thought to be caused by low intrinsic electron conductivity of CF x material, which can be attributed to the fluorination process, which inevitably changes the electron distribution and local atom environment of the carbon.…”

Section: Cf X As Cathode Materials For Primary Batteriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fluorinated Carbon Materials and the Applications in Energy Storage Systems

Zhong

Zhou

et al. 2022

ACS Appl. Energy Mater.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Fluorinated carbon materials (CF x ) have been widely used as cathode materials in primary batteries and simultaneously been applied to modify electrode materials in secondary rechargeable lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) owing to the unique discharge product of LiF and carbon. In this review, we intend to offer a comprehensive connection between the CF x /Li primary battery and its effect for improving secondary battery via the link of LiF. The first part comes with the efforts on high-energy CF x /Li batteries with well-designed materials and electrolytes on the foundation of the unique discharge mechanism. Following with the discharge product (LiF), the second part is reasonably focused on modifying the electrode materials of LIBs with in situ or ex situ fluorination. Thanks to the link of primary battery and secondary battery, a perspective is made to illuminate a comprehension of CF x materials in future energy storage systems. This review offers an up-to-date retrospect of recent works on application of CF x and contributes to deeper understanding in energy storage systems.

show abstract

“…The high energy density in Li primary batteries is enabled by utilizing light, nontransition-metal redox centers such as carbon (C) in Li− carbon monofluoride (CF x ) 5 and sulfur (S) in Li−thionyl chloride (SOCl 2 ) batteries. 6,7 The Li−CF x cell offers the highest gravimetric energy density among commercialized chemistries (350−870 Wh kg packaged −1…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Elucidating Concentration-Dependent Energy Limitations in Li Primary Battery Fluoro-organosulfur Catholytes

et al. 2023

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Unlocking longer-lasting lithium (Li) primary batteries that exceed the energy density of leading Li−carbon monofluoride (Li−CF x ) requires exploration of new cathode redox processes. It was recently reported that a Li−carbon cell containing a liquid cathode + electrolyte (catholyte) based on the reactant 4-nitrophenylsulfur pentafluoride (NO 2 -Ph-SF 5 ) can achieve competitive energy density (1085 Wh kg −1 ) as Li−CF x (∼1000 Wh kg −1 ), normalized to the weight of electrodes + catholyte or electrolyte in each respective cell. However, at high reactant concentrations (4−5 M) necessary to maximize total energy, the attained capacities fall significantly below the theoretical value. Here, we investigated the root causes of this shortfall by scrutinizing the critical role of NO 2 -Ph-SF 5 concentration on reactant utilization and discharge intermediates/products. Despite the generation of electronically insulating lithium fluoride (LiF) throughout discharge, the capacity at high concentrations (4 M) is not limited by carbon passivation, but rather by the catholyte's inability to solubilize and retain activity of key polysulfide-like intermediates. By examining a series of catholyte cosolvents in detail, we further identify solvent properties that support maximal capacities. These findings point toward future strategies to improve utilization of fluoro-organosulfur catholytes by simultaneously designing for high solubility of discharge products (LiF) and intermediates (S-based species), which requires looking beyond conventional solvents.

show abstract

Fluorinated (Nano)Carbons: CF_x Electrodes and CF_x‐Based Batteries

Cited by 49 publications

References 176 publications

Application of Thermally Fluorinated Multi-Wall Carbon Nanotubes as an Additive to an Li4Ti5O12 Lithium Ion Battery

Application of Thermally Fluorinated Multi-Wall Carbon Nanotubes as an Additive to an Li4Ti5O12 Lithium Ion Battery

Fluorinated Carbon Materials and the Applications in Energy Storage Systems

Elucidating Concentration-Dependent Energy Limitations in Li Primary Battery Fluoro-organosulfur Catholytes

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About