Fluorite deposits at Encantada–Buenavista, Mexico: products of Mississippi Valley type processes

Gonzáléz-Partida, Eduardo; Carrillo-Chávez, Alejandro; Grimmer, J.; Pironon, Jacques; Mutterer, Jérôme; Levresse, Gilles

doi:10.1016/s0169-1368(03)00018-0

Cited by 36 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…According to the above evolution and sources for water and chemical components of fluorite, the most likely mechanism for fluorite precipitation would have been associated with the reaction between calcium in low-salinity basinal brines (equilibrated with host limestones) and fluorine in shallow meteoric water (scavenged from topaz rhyolites), as their mixing was allowed to occur. Similar processes have been described for fluorite in different types of deposits, including MVT [7,8,[41][42][43]. The most striking difference between such deposits and those at the Las Cuevas-Río Verde cluster is the large difference in salinities of mineralizing fluids between them, being exceptionally low in the latter.…”

Section: Sources For Mineralizing Fluids Their Evolution and Likelysupporting

confidence: 65%

“…Mineralizing fluids in the Las Cuevas-Río Verde cluster of stratabound fluorite deposits had very low salinities (overwhelmingly 0.2 wt % NaCl equiv, and up to 1.9 wt % NaCl equiv) and temperatures (mostly below 100 • C, and up to 177 • C). The temperatures of mineral deposition were similar to those in similar stratabound fluorite deposits (described as part of the MVT clan) that occur across the rimming basins of the paleo-Gulf of Mexico, but the salinities in the studied deposits were strikingly much lower than in those of References [7][8][9][10][11]. Despite the narrowness in the variation of temperature and salinity of mineralizing fluids in the Las Cuevas-Río Verde cluster of fluorite deposits, the data in some samples from the El Refugio and La Constancia deposits showed dilution trends coupled with decreases in temperature ( Figure 6).…”

Section: Sources For Mineralizing Fluids Their Evolution and Likelysupporting

confidence: 62%

“…A recent wealth of information [1,2,4,[7][8][9][10][11] has allowed for the determination that ore-forming fluids of many Zn-Pb, fluorite, celestine, and barite deposits that occur across formerly marginal basins of the paleo-Gulf of Mexico are compatible with basinal brines with diverse degrees of interaction with meteoric water or evaporites and, therefore, can be generically ascribed to an MVT model. Such is also the case with red-bed-hosted epigenetic copper deposits [1,2,9,11,12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Giant Fluorite Mineralization in Central Mexico by Means of Exceptionally Low Salinity Fluids: An Unusual Style among MVT Deposits

et al. 2019

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The origin of the mineralization at the world-class Las Cuevas (the largest single fluorite deposit in the world) has been historically disputed, essentially between skarn-related and Mississippi Valley Type (MVT) models. A systematic study of fluid inclusions in these deposits revealed that they were formed by low temperature (49 to 177 °C) and low salinity (0 to 1.9 wt % NaCl equiv) fluids. The obtained δ13C (between −2.39 and 0.20‰ VPDB) and δ18O (between −14.03 and −7.37‰ VPDB) data from local host limestones agreed with regionally representative values in the literature. The obtained δ13C (between −15.60 and −12.99‰ VPDB) and δ18O (between −5.56 and −1.84‰ VPDB) data from hydrothermal calcite associated with fluorite mineralization indicated that the isotopic composition of hydrothermal fluids initially reflected buffering by the host rocks, and then recorded the interaction between meteoric water and basinal brines. It is likely that such processes occurred with concurrent maturation of organic matter, and that the obtained compositions may also have recorded a thermal effect on the local limestones. Halogen geochemical studies in inclusion fluids showed a distribution that suggests that solutes in mineralizing fluids were due to scavenging of Na+ and Cl− through water–rock interaction or halite dissolution, and that secondary sources would have been the evaporation or infiltration of seawater. The basinal brines with which the formation of these deposits was associated were massively diluted by deeply evolved meteoric water, thus making a significant fluorine input by basinal brines unlikely. Fluorine would have been provided by local groundwater through its interaction with Oligocene topaz rhyolites and other F-rich volcanic and hypabyssal rocks. Such a possibility is supported by present-day groundwater, which presents a regional endemic case of fluorosis. The precipitation of fluorite is possible at low temperatures (at which the solubility of this mineral is very low) by means of chemical reactions and physical interactions among very diluted F-poor basinal brines, F-rich groundwater, and host carbonate rocks. The latter systematically experienced hydrothermal karstification, which would have provided Ca2+ for reaction with F− and resulted in the precipitation of fluorite. This scenario stands for a depositional model that recalls those proposed for MVT and associated industrial mineral deposits, but is distinct from common models with regard to the primal source for fluorine and the extremely low salinities of inclusion fluids.

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Section: Sources For Mineralizing Fluids Their Evolution and Likelysupporting

confidence: 65%

Section: Sources For Mineralizing Fluids Their Evolution and Likelysupporting

confidence: 62%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Giant Fluorite Mineralization in Central Mexico by Means of Exceptionally Low Salinity Fluids: An Unusual Style among MVT Deposits

et al. 2019

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“…wt.% NaCl), and rich in NaCl and CaCl 2 (Hall & Friedman 1963, Sawkins 1966, Cunningham & Heyl 1980, Richardson & Pinckney 1984, Spry et al 1990, Spry & Fuhrmann 1994. In many cases, fl uid inclusions hosted by fl uorite and associated minerals contain hydrocarbons, implying that mineral precipitation in MVT deposits occurred in a relatively reducing environment (Freas 1961, Hall & Friedman 1963, Cunningham & Heyl 1980, Richardson & Pinckney 1984, Souissi et al 1997, González-Partida et al 2003, Guillaume et al 2003. Moreover, chalcopyrite inclusions have been reported to occur in yellow fl uorite from the Illinois-Kentucky fl uorspar district in the United States (Richardson & Pinckney 1984).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Constraints on the Genesis of Yellow Fluorite in Hydrothermal Barite Fluorite Veins of the Erzgebirge, Eastern Germany: Evidence From Optical Absorption Spectroscopy, Rare-Earth-Element Data, and Fluid-Inclusion Investigations

Trinkler¹,

Monecke

Thomas

2005

The Canadian Mineralogist

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The optical absorption spectra of yellow fl uorite crystals from hydrothermal barite-fl uorite veins of the Erzgebirge, eastern Germany, are characterized by a broad absorption band with a peak at 433 nm that shows a subtle vibronic structure. The optical absorption behavior of the crystals is attributed to the presence of O 3 centers in the structure; the O 3 molecules were incorporated during crystallization. The presence of the O 3 centers implies that a very specifi c chemical reaction must have taken place during crystallization, under particular physicochemical conditions. Thermal stability constraints of the yellow coloration suggest that the fl uorite formed at low to moderate temperatures (below 250 to 400°C), which agrees with homogenization temperatures determined on fl uid inclusions entrapped in the crystals (below 150°C). The crystals have a middle-rare-earth-element-enriched signature. The depletion of the light rare-earth elements in the fl uorite-forming fl uids was caused by the precipitation of Ce-rich phases prior to the formation of fl uorite, whereas the incorporation of the heavy rare-earth elements into fl uorite was suppressed by the formation of carbonate complexes in the hydrothermal fl uids. Fluid-inclusion data show that fl uorite formation occurred in a comparably stagnant environment typifi ed by the mixing of fl uids of different salinity and composition, namely a highly saline, CaCl 2-and NaCl-rich brine that contained some Na 2 SO 4 , Na 2 CO 3 , NaHCO 3 , CaSO 4 , and SrSO 4 , as well as a NaCl-dominated fl uid of distinctly lower salinity. Fluorite precipitation from the cooling hydrothermal fl uids occurred in a relatively reducing environment under near-neutral conditions. We propose a chemical reaction that may have led to the formation of O 3 centers in the structure, and that may also explain the formation of the yellow coloration of fl uorite in other hydrothermal systems. In particular, fl uorite precipitation in some Mississippi-Valley-type deposits apparently occurred under very similar environmental conditions.

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“…en peso de NaCl, y es común la presencia de compuestos orgánicos bajo la forma de inclusiones de hidrocarburos y/o bitumen sólido (Wilkinson, 2001;González-Partida et al, 2003;Tritlla et al, 2004b, por ejemplo). La fase gas de las inclusiones suele contener CO 2 y CH 4 en concentraciones variables llegando hasta algunas unidades de % molar (Roedder, 1967;Norman et al, 1985;Jones y Kesler, 1992;González-Partida et al, 2003). Los cationes presentes en solución, en orden de abundancia, son: Na, Ca>>K, Mg, Fe y B, característicamente con una alta relación Na/K de alrededor de 20% en peso.…”

Section: Mvt Sensu Strictounclassified

Depósitos de Pb-Zn-Cu-Ba-F-Sr epigenéticos estratoligados en series sedimentarias en relación con salmueras de cuenca: depósitos de tipo “Mississippi Valley” (MVT) y similares en México

Tritlla¹,

Levresse²,

Corona-Esquivel³

et al. 2006

BSGM

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ResumenLos depósitos de Pb-Zn-Cu-Ba-F-Sr epigenéticos estratoligados en series sedimentarias han constituido una de las mayores fuentes de metales en la historia de la humanidad. Aún en la actualidad continuan siendo un objetivo prioritario de exploración para las compañias mineras, debido tanto a su fácil metalurgia como a los grandes tonelajes que presentan los distritos clasifi cados bajo esta tipología.En México existen todo un conjunto de mineralizaciones de Pb-Zn-Ba-F que han sido sistemáticamente consideradas como pertenecientes a tipologías diversas (skarns, reemplazamientos de alta temperatura, epitermales, etc.) que, bajo una nueva pespectiva, responden a un modelo de circulación de fl uidos de cuenca enriquecidos en metales, fl úor y bario durante su tránsito por la serie sedimentaria. Estos fl uidos han dado lugar a un conjunto de cuerpos mineralizados estratoligados que aparecen encajonados dentro de las series de plataforma carbonatada mesozoicas del centro, N y NE de México. Típicamente, no están asociados genéticamente a magmatismo alguno, no causan una alteración muy acusada en la roca encajonante, suelen estar asociados a la presencia de materia orgánica (hidrocarburos líquidos, bitúmen), presentan una mineralogía muy sencilla, a menudo casi monominerálica (barita, celestina, fl uorita, esfalerita, galena) y suelen presentar temperaturas de formación dentro del rango de 90-150 °C con salinidades variables. Todo este conjunto de características hacen a estos depósitos plenamente comparables con los MVT del subtipo Alpino-Apalachiano.En este artículo se lleva a cabo una revisión sobre el conocimiento que se tiene sobre este tipo de depósitos a nivel global para, después, pasar a discutir la presencia de esta tipología en suelo mexicano y sus características geológicas y geoquímicas más relevantes.Palabras clave: Depósitos de tipo MVT, generalidades, geoquímica, depósitos en México, estado del arte. AbstractThe low temperature, epigenetic and stratabound Pb-Zn-Cu-Ba-F-Sr-bearing ore deposits enclosed within sedimentary series have been one of the major sources of metals in history. Presently, exploration companies still fi nd these deposits

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Fluorite deposits at Encantada–Buenavista, Mexico: products of Mississippi Valley type processes

Cited by 36 publications

References 26 publications

Giant Fluorite Mineralization in Central Mexico by Means of Exceptionally Low Salinity Fluids: An Unusual Style among MVT Deposits

Giant Fluorite Mineralization in Central Mexico by Means of Exceptionally Low Salinity Fluids: An Unusual Style among MVT Deposits

Constraints on the Genesis of Yellow Fluorite in Hydrothermal Barite Fluorite Veins of the Erzgebirge, Eastern Germany: Evidence From Optical Absorption Spectroscopy, Rare-Earth-Element Data, and Fluid-Inclusion Investigations

Depósitos de Pb-Zn-Cu-Ba-F-Sr epigenéticos estratoligados en series sedimentarias en relación con salmueras de cuenca: depósitos de tipo “Mississippi Valley” (MVT) y similares en México

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