Fluorometer Control and Readout Using an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense Board

Kitzhaber, Zechariah; English, Caitlyn; Sanim, Kazi Ragib Ishraq; Kalaitzakis, Michail; Kosaraju, Bhanuprakash; Hodgson, Michael E.; Vitzilaios, Nikolaos; Richardson, Tammi L.; Myrick, Michael L.

doi:10.1177/00037028221128800

Cited by 7 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…As shown in another report from our laboratory, 31 the purely electronic instrumental noise was expected to be approximately 400 µV in 0.1 s measurement cycles from the manufacturer-reported input current noise specification for the system's transimpedance amplifier, leading to a model detection limit of 0.15 µg/L chl- a , approximately three times lower than the target specification (D.L. < 0.5 µg/L in 0.1 s) for the system.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 69%

“…Increasing detector size brings with it an increase in the detector's noise—but an analysis of the detection system done previously revealed that the detector itself would not be the dominant noise source in this fluorometer. 31 Tests conducted in the laboratory since the original construction have shown that the factor B 2 (0.407) could be increased to >0.92 by the expedient of replacing the final two spherical lenses with aspheres.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Filter Fluorometer Calibration Without the Fluorometer

et al. 2023

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We recently described a lightweight, low-power, waterproof filter fluorometer using a 180° backscatter geometry for chlorophyll-a (chl- a) detection. Before it was constructed it was modeled to ensure it would have satisfactory performance. This manuscript repeats the modeling process that allows the calibration slope and detection limit for a fluorescent analyte in water to be estimated from system component performance and conventional spectrofluorometry alone. These values are validated by comparison to the experimental result of calibration from the completed instrument. Our model yields a calibration slope of 8.22 mV-L/µg for dissolved chl- a, consistent with the experimentally measured slope of 8.21 mV-L/µg. The detection limit modeled from this slope and an estimate of the baseline noise of the instrument was 0.15 µg/L chl- a, while the measured detection limit using real blank samples was 0.18 µg/L, in 0.1 s differential measurements.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 69%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Filter Fluorometer Calibration Without the Fluorometer

et al. 2023

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“…More detail on the electronic control, measurement, and communications of the fluorometer will be presented in a separate report. 22…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…More detail on the electronic control, measurement, and communications of the fluorometer will be presented in a separate report. 22 The fluorometer unit consisting of optics, hardware and electronics was constructed to fit into a waterproof case consisting of a 11.1 cm (4.375 in.) OD aluminum can with a length of 25.4 cm (10 in.).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chlorophyll Fluorometer for Intelligent Water Sampling by a Small Uncrewed Aircraft System (sUAS)

et al. 2022

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We describe a waterproof, lightweight (1.3 kg) low power (∼1.1 W average power) fluorometer operating on 5 VDC deployed on a small Uncrewed Aircraft System (sUAS) to measure chlorophyll and used for triggering environmental water sampling by the sUAS. The fluorometer uses a 450 nm laser modulated at 10 Hz for excitation and a standard photodiode and transimpedance amplifier for the detection of fluorescence. Additional detectors are available for measuring laser intensity and light scattering. Control of the fluorometer and communication between the fluorometer and the Raspberry Pi 4B computer controlling the sampler were provided by an Arduino microcontroller using the Robot Operating System (ROS). Calibrations were based on standards of dissolved chlorophyll extracted from Chlorella powder (a widely available dietary supplement). The detection limit for chlorophyll from these calibrations was found to be 0.2 micrograms per liter of water for a single 0.1 sec differential measurement. The detection limit decreases with the square root of the integration time as expected. Detection limits increase by a factor of 2 to 3 when mounted in the sUAS due to electrical noise; sUAS acoustic noise and vibration do not appear to contribute significantly.

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“…Furthermore, the required instrumentation employed for fluorometric measurements has evolved in recent years from static designs mainly focused on laboratory assays towards more flexible, portable and handheld devices [10][11][12][13][14][15][16], which can be easily operated for in situ experiments. Thus, the increasing availability of the necessary components to build fluorometric detection devices, such as intense light sources with different excitation wavelengths (LEDs, fiber optic) [17,18] and compact micro-spectrometers for light analysis (C1280 MA) [19], and the existence of numerous computer-programmable microcontrollers (Raspberry Pi, Arduino) [20][21][22][23] allow the building of low-cost equipment [24][25][26] with unique features for in situ sample analysis with spectrofluorometric detection.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design of a Portable and Reliable Fluorimeter with High Sensitivity for Molecule Trace Analysis

et al. 2023

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There is a growing need for portable, highly sensitive measuring equipment to analyze samples in situ and in real time. For these reasons, it is becoming increasingly important to research new experimental equipment to carry out this work with advanced, robust and low-cost devices. In this framework, a flexible, portable and low-cost fluorimeter (under EUR 500), based on a C12880 MA MEMS micro-spectrometer with an Arduino compatible breakout board, has been developed for the trace analysis of biological substances. The proposed system can employ two selectable excitation sources for flexibility, one in the visible region at 405 nm (incorporated in the board) and an external LED at 365 nm in the UV region. This additional excitation source can be easily interchanged, varying the LED type for investigating any fluorophore compound of interest. The measurement process is micro-controlled, which allows the precise control of the spectrometer sensitivity by adjusting the integration time of each experiment separately. Data acquisition is easy, reliable and interfaced with a spreadsheet for fast spectra visualization and calculations. For testing the performance of the new device in fluorescence measurements, different fluorophore molecules which can be commonly found in biological samples, such as Fluorescein, Riboflavin, Quinine, Rhodamine b and Ru (II)-bipyridyl, have been employed. A high sensitivity and low quantitation limits (in the ppb range) have been found in all cases for the investigated chemicals. The portable device is also suitable for the study of other interesting phenomena, such as fluorescence quenching induced by chemical agents (such as halide anions or even auto-quenching). In this sense, an application for the quantification of chloride anions in aqueous solutions has been performed obtaining a LOD value of 18 ppm. The obtained results for all chemicals investigated with the proposed fluorimeter are always very similar in quantification figures, or even better than the data reported in literature, when using commercial laboratory equipment.

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Fluorometer Control and Readout Using an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense Board

Cited by 7 publications

References 6 publications

Filter Fluorometer Calibration Without the Fluorometer

Filter Fluorometer Calibration Without the Fluorometer

Chlorophyll Fluorometer for Intelligent Water Sampling by a Small Uncrewed Aircraft System (sUAS)

Design of a Portable and Reliable Fluorimeter with High Sensitivity for Molecule Trace Analysis

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