Fluoroquinolone resistance of Escherichia coli and Salmonella from healthy livestock and poultry in the EU

Abstract

The potential for transmission of antibiotic‐resistant enteric zoonotic bacteria from animals to humans has been a public health concern for several decades. Bacteria carrying antibiotic resistance genes found in the intestinal tract of food animals can contaminate carcasses and may lead to food‐borne disease in humans that may not respond to antibiotic treatment. It is consequently important to monitor changes in antimicrobial susceptibility of zoonotic and commensal organism; in this context, there are a number of veterinary monitoring programmes that collect bacteria in food‐producing animals at slaughter and determine their susceptibility against antibiotics relevant for human medicine. The data generated are part of the risk analysis for potential food‐borne transmission of resistance. There has been much debate about the use of fluoroquinolones in veterinary medicine, and so, this review will consider the fluoroquinolone data from two surveys and compare them to national surveillance programmes. At the outset, it must be pointed out that there is, however, a lack of agreement between several programmes on what is meant by the term ‘fluoroquinolone resistance’ through use of different definitions of resistance and different resistance breakpoints. An additional aim of this paper is to clarify some of those definitions. Despite the debate about the contribution of antibiotic use in veterinary medicine to the overall resistance development in human pathogens, the data suggest that clinical resistance to fluoroquinolones in Escherichia coli and nontyphoidal Salmonella is generally uncommon, except for a few countries. Ongoing surveillance will continue to monitor the situation and identify whether this situation changes within the respective animal populations. For the benefit of both the epidemiologist and the clinician, it would be strongly advantageous that national monitoring surveys report both percentages of clinical resistance and decreased susceptibility.

Kuşbaşı Dana Etlerinde GSBL-Üreten Enterobacteriaceae Suşlarının Varlıkları

“…The mixture was homogenized in a sterile blender-bag (Interscience, France) for 2 min by stomacher (EasyMix, France), and exposed to aerobic incubation at 37°C for 18-24 h [11] . After that, 10 µl of the pre-enriched suspension was inoculated to Chromatic ESBL agar (Liofilchem, Italy).…”

“…Probiotics and prebiotics, which are naturally occurring species and substances have been used for prevention of emerging resistant bacteria [7,8] . The leading international health and food organizations such as WHO and FAO are enhancing the surveillance programs for monitoring food, clinical, and community-related antibiotic resistance all over the [10,11] .…”

“…For the human nutrition, slaughtering of the farm animals under unhygienic conditions threats the human health if contaminated with Enterobacteriaceae strains, especially with ESBL-producing enterobacteria. The recent studies have indicated that the red meat and the red-meatderived foods may possibly be reservoirs for ESBLproducing Enterobacteriaceae, and their ESBL-encoding genetic elements [9][10][11] .…”

“…The recent studies have showed that the foods of animal origin contain ESBL-producing enterobacteria and their ESBL-encoding bla-genes transferable to the human's intestinal microflora [9][10][11] . Except for the controlled therapeutic purposes, the antibiotics are, therefore, banned as growth promoters used in the farm animals by European Union, including Turkey.…”

Detection of extended spectrum beta-lactamases and resistance in members of the Enterobacteriaceae family isolated from healthy sheep and dogs in Umuarama, Paraná, Brazil

“…Infections and outbreaks caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria are frequent in both human and veterinary medicine, and in some cases, the isolated microorganisms are resistant to all available antimicrobial drugs (SOUZA, 2010;JONG et al, 2011;TEO et al, 2012;WHO, 2014).…”