Fluoxetine-induced neurotoxicity at environmentally relevant concentrations in adult zebrafish Danio rerio

Effects of fluoxetine on fish: What do we know and where should we focus our efforts in the future?

“…These findings are supported by Orozco-Hernández et al (2022b) study with adult D. rerio exposed for 96 h to 0.005, 0.016, and 0.04 μg/L, with animals showing greater response to 0.04 μg/L. In longer exposures (15 days), but with a different biological model (juvenile Argyrosomus regius) and tested concentrations (0.3 and 3 μg/L -still environmentally relevant), increases in CAT and SOD activities were observed (Duarte et al, 2020).…”

“…Urocortin 3 stimulates behaviors associated with anxiety reduction (Venihaki et al, 2004) and prolactin has a role in regulating neuroendocrine responses to stress in the brain, as well as a protective role against stress-induced damage through immunoenhancement (Lennartsson and Jonsdottir, 2011;Torner and Neumann, 2002). However, other studies, using adult and juvenile D. rerio and adult females of G. holbrooki, testing concentrations from 0.005 to 100 μg/L and different exposure periods (from 30 min to 43 days), reported no effect on stressassociated behavior (Fontana et al, 2022;Petrunich-Rutherford, 2019) or an anxiogenic effect with lower swimming distances at the top of the aquarium, as well as increased freezing periods (Fior et al, 2018;Giacomini et al, 2020;Marcon et al, 2016;Meijide et al, 2018;Orozco-Hernández et al, 2022b).…”

“…The decrease in swimming activity has often been suggested to be related to an inhibitory effect of fluoxetine on AChE activity or to adverse effects in the dopaminergic system (decreased levels of mRNA of dopaminergic receptors and transporters) (Duarte et al, 2019;Farias et al, 2019;Orozco-Hernández et al, 2022b).…”

Distribution, Bioaccumulation, and Risks of Pharmaceutical Metabolites and Their Parents: A Case Study in an Yunliang River, Nanjing City

“…The high levels of FLX residue suggest that the brain is the targeted tissue of FLX in wild fish. As one of the most popular antidepressants, the residual FLX in the brain may further inhibit the reuptake of serotonin from cell membranes, leading to different neurotoxicity in fish, including the behavioral alterations of anxiety, aggression, and compulsivity [ 34 ]. It should also be noted that the highest detection frequency of pharmaceuticals was in gonad tissue.…”

“…Compared to the gill and brain, the liver had a lower pharmaceutical concentration. The liver is the main metabolic tissue in fish, which could quickly metabolize and eliminate the accumulated pharmaceuticals to reduce the harm of these pharmaceuticals to organisms [ 34 ]. Hence, the low concentration in the liver in this study might indicate that the liver in wild fish has sufficient capacity to metabolize and excrete these pharmaceuticals from the body.…”