Flux and fate of small mountainous rivers derived sediments into the Taiwan Strait

Liu, J. P.; Liu, C. S.; Xu, Kehui; Milliman, John D.; Chiu, J. K.; Kao, Shuh-Ji; Lin, Shu-Yen

doi:10.1016/j.margeo.2008.09.007

Cited by 181 publications

(105 citation statements)

References 89 publications

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“…In western Taiwan, the most important three rivers, the Jhuoshuei, Gaoping and Danshuei, have average illite percentages of 75%, 75% and 73%, respectively and the average chlorite content in these three rivers was 25%, 23% and 24%, respectively. The clay mineral assemblages present in these Taiwanese rivers indicate that the weathering products of the rocks and soil are transported to the estuary by the rivers first, and then delivered to the adjacent seas by currents and waves; this is consistent with other previous studies on the clay mineral assemblages of Taiwanese rivers and transport of surface sediments [7,8,[17][18][19]22]. In addition, the runoff fluxes in these rivers have noticeable seasonal variations.…”

Section: Figuresupporting

confidence: 89%

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Clay mineral composition and their sources for the fluvial sediments of Taiwanese rivers

Shi

Kao³

et al. 2011

Chin. Sci. Bull.

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Located at the collision boundary between the Philippine Sea Plate and the Eurasian Continental Plate, the island of Taiwan is generally recognized as an important example in the MARGINS Program Science Plan and "source-to-sink" research because of its high tectonic activity, heavy rainfall and unique geography. Large suspended sediment loads are transported to the adjacent ocean by Taiwanese rivers every year, making Taiwan an important source of sediments into the adjacent seas and a natural laboratory for studying the systemic movement of fluvial sediments from source to sink. A detailed study on the clay mineral composition of surface sediments collected from the drainage basins of 12 Taiwanese rivers using X-ray diffraction methods was conducted. Our results indicated that the clay mineral assemblages consisted dominantly of illite (approximately 73%) and chlorite (approximately 24%), with lesser abundances of kaolinite (approximately 3%) and even lower levels of smectite from the Danshuei River sediments in northwestern Taiwan. The Jhuoshuei River sediments from western Taiwan contained clay mineral assemblages that consisted of illite (approximately 75%) and chlorite (approximately 25%), but they lacked kaolinite and smectite. In southwestern Taiwan, the clay mineral assemblages were dominated by illite (approximately 75%) and chlorite (approximately 23%), but had a low abundance of kaolinite (generally < 2%) and no smectite. The clay mineral assemblages in eastern Taiwan are obviously different from those in western parts of the island. The most noticeable difference is that the average abundance of chlorite in the Hualien River from eastern Taiwan was the highest (approximately 48%) of all the Taiwanese rivers. We concluded that, in general, the clay mineral assemblages in Taiwanese rivers were mainly composed of illite and chlorite with kaolinite and smectite being scarce, and these trends are different from those in China's mainland rivers. The clay mineral composition shown in this study was primarily determined by the properties of the bedrock, and the differential weathering intensities of the drainage area. The surface sediments in Taiwan's rivers showed a greater abundance of illite and chlorite because the outcropped rocks were mainly composed of Tertiary sedimentary rocks, especially sandstone, shale and slate, and show strong physical weathering. The relatively high relief and more abundant rainfall also caused the clay minerals in the fluvial sediments to be transported to the estuaries down rivers from the mountains and then delivered to the adjacent seas by currents and waves over a shorter time scale.

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Section: Figuresupporting

confidence: 89%

“…The primary process for physical weathering is abrasion, by which clasts and other particles are reduced in size. [7]; c) Cheng [17]; d) Xu et al [18] and Liu et al [19]; e) Yang et al [20]; f) Liu et al [21] ; g) Liu et al [22]. ECS means the East China Sea.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clay mineral composition and their sources for the fluvial sediments of Taiwanese rivers

Shi

Kao³

et al. 2011

Chin. Sci. Bull.

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“…It is speculated that much of fine mud delivered from the Taiwan island has been washed away by the local currents and escaped mainly northeastward with a proportion of it bypassing the northern Taiwan into the southern Okinawa Trough (Tseng and Shen 2003;Liu et al 2008a). A latest report indicated that typhoon could cause the terrestrial material to transport from the coast of the Chinese mainland across the Taiwan Strait and reach the region off northeastern Taiwan, and these typhoon-induced terrestrial materials could then be transported into the southern Okinawa Trough along the western edge of the Kuroshio (He et al 2014).…”

Section: Metals In Total Concentrationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trace metals in surface sediments of the Taiwan Strait: geochemical characteristics and environmental indication

Gao

Zhou

Lui

et al. 2015

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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The concentration and geochemical fractionation of six trace metals related with environmental quality assessment, namely Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn, in 30 surface sediments from both inshore and offshore areas of the Taiwan Strait were measured to investigate their distribution characteristics, evaluate their potential mobility, and assess their pollution status. The geoaccumulation index results indicated that, on average, the studied metals presented an order of Cd>Pb>Ni>Zn>Cu>Cr and were practically in uncontaminated status except Cd. The results of the sequential extraction analysis indicated that, on average, the studied metals were mostly accumulated in residual fraction except Cd whose concentration was the highest in the acid soluble fraction presenting a high risk to the environment, and their mobility decreased in the sequence of Cd>Pb>Ni>Cu>Zn>Cr. Based on the mean probable effect level quotients, the combination of the studied metals had an 8 % probability of being toxic at two sampling sites and had a 21 % probability of being toxic at the rest of sites. The spatial distribution of the studied metals in total concentrations and different geochemical fractions corroborated the previous findings about the possible sediment transportation routes in and around the Taiwan Strait.

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“…Although principal rivers of Taiwan flow into the Taiwan Strait from the flat western coast, several mountainous rivers of the steeply sloped east coast discharge nearly the same amount of suspended sediment (about 150 Mt yr −1 ) into the ocean as those of the west coast (130-220 Mt yr −1 ) (Liu et al, 2008). The Peinan River is one of the biggest and the most important rivers of the east coast.…”

Section: River Dischargementioning

confidence: 99%

“…An even more dramatic intensification of the discharge is observed during short-term typhoon events, which were recorded to have occurred 255 times during 1949(Chang et al, 1993Liu et al, 2006). On average, 60-80 % sediment load is deposited at the steep eastern and southwestern shelves of the island (Liu et al, 2008), which are characterized by elevated seismic activity. The coaction of rapid accumulation and under-consolidation of sediments with earthquake events, which are potential triggers of submarine land-42 A.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transport and bottom accumulation of fine river sediments under typhoon conditions and associated submarine landslides: case study of the Peinan River, Taiwan

Osadchiev

Korotenko

Zavialov

et al. 2016

Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci.

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Abstract.A combination of a three-dimensional Eulerian ocean circulation model (Princeton ocean model, POM) and a Lagrangian particle-tracking model (Surface-Trapped River Plume Evolution, STRiPE) is used to study the fate of fine river sediments discharged by the Peinan River at the southeastern coast of the island of Taiwan. The composite model is verified against in situ measurements and applied to simulate primary sediment deposition under freshet and typhoon discharge conditions of the Peinan River. It is shown that local wind plays a crucial role in sediment transport and settling in the coastal area through its influence on the river plume dynamics and turbulent mixing in the upper layer. Wind forcing conditions generally determine the location of the sediment deposit area, while its final pattern is defined by coastal circulation as modulated by the geometry of the coast and local bathymetry. In the study, region riverborne sediments are deposited to the sea floor, mainly in the shallow shelf areas. A significant portion of discharged fine sediments is moved offshore to the deeper ocean where it is further advected and dispersed by strong coastal circulation, mainly governed by the Kuroshio Current.The performed numerical experiments showed that sediment accumulation rate under typhoon conditions is about 2 orders of magnitude greater compared to freshet conditions. Based on the simulation results, we identified areas of continental shelf and continental slope adjacent to the Peinan River estuary which exhibit a high risk of formation of submarine landslides during and shortly after the typhoon events.

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Flux and fate of small mountainous rivers derived sediments into the Taiwan Strait

Cited by 181 publications

References 89 publications

Clay mineral composition and their sources for the fluvial sediments of Taiwanese rivers

Clay mineral composition and their sources for the fluvial sediments of Taiwanese rivers

Trace metals in surface sediments of the Taiwan Strait: geochemical characteristics and environmental indication

Transport and bottom accumulation of fine river sediments under typhoon conditions and associated submarine landslides: case study of the Peinan River, Taiwan

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