2013
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.10.074
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fMRI response to blue light delivery in the naïve brain: Implications for combined optogenetic fMRI studies

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Cited by 128 publications
(151 citation statements)
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“…These results are in agreement with most previous findings, [3][4][5]8,9,13,26 except one study which observed BOLD activation in naïve rat brains. 27 One difference between our data and Christie et al 27 is the duration of the stimulus (4 seconds versus 30 seconds) relative to baseline (36 seconds versus 60 seconds), which results in less average power delivered per unit of time. Additionally, in our setup the optical fiber does not penetrate the cortical surface, allowing potential heat dissipation outside the cortex.…”
Section: Discussioncontrasting
confidence: 71%
“…These results are in agreement with most previous findings, [3][4][5]8,9,13,26 except one study which observed BOLD activation in naïve rat brains. 27 One difference between our data and Christie et al 27 is the duration of the stimulus (4 seconds versus 30 seconds) relative to baseline (36 seconds versus 60 seconds), which results in less average power delivered per unit of time. Additionally, in our setup the optical fiber does not penetrate the cortical surface, allowing potential heat dissipation outside the cortex.…”
Section: Discussioncontrasting
confidence: 71%
“…The exact degree of heating for a given wavelength, duration, and power of light delivered depends on intrinsic brain properties, such as the local volume and rate of blood flow, as well as extrinsic properties, such as whether the brain is exposed to ambient temperatures after skull removal, which may encourage cooling . Some reports have indicated that powers of light commonly used in optogenetics may result in heating of a fraction of a degree or more, even with modest pulse durations and frequencies (Elias et al 1987;Christie et al 2013). Heating of cells has been shown to increase activity of specific kinds of neurons in multiple species (Moser et al 1993;Long and Fee 2008), although neurons equipped with different channels or receptors may undergo different kinds of changes in response to heating.…”
Section: Heat and Lightmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Heating of cells has been shown to increase activity of specific kinds of neurons in multiple species (Moser et al 1993;Long and Fee 2008), although neurons equipped with different channels or receptors may undergo different kinds of changes in response to heating. Light has been shown to result in artifactual fMRI signals in the BOLD response, when delivered to the brain (Desai et al 2011;Christie et al 2013), perhaps due to heating.…”
Section: Heat and Lightmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In general, the size of the light source, the fiber tip (which determines the focus or spread of light), and light intensity can be varied. With these parameters it is possible to calculate the heat produced by the light stimulation [125], and verify that tissue heating is limited to approximately 1°C-the value below which neural and hemodynamic activity are affected [126,127]. Thus, direct stimulations in the lesion area or peri-infarct area may have a negative effect on recovery.…”
Section: Benefits Of Optogeneticsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Only about 1 % of the blue light power is delivered within 1 mm of its source [76]. Increasing light power can activate more opsins in a larger brain region; however, the heat from the light source can cause damage that may affect physiological and behavioral functions [126,127]. As the human brain is 10 times larger than the primate brain and 2500 times larger than the rodent brain, a major challenge of optogenetic use in humans will be activating sufficient opsins to drive a certain behavior without thermal damage.…”
Section: Translational Potential Of Optogenetics and Limitationsmentioning
confidence: 99%