Foam Fracturing Utilizing Delayed Crosslinked Gels

Craighead, M.S.; Hossaini, Mohammad Farouq; Freeman, E.R.

doi:10.2118/14437-ms

Cited by 14 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 9 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Several researchers (Reidenbach et al 1986;Harris and Reidenbach 1987;Harris 1995;Bonilla and Shah 2000;Sani et al 2001;Khade and Shah 2003;Watkins et al 1983;Harris and Heath 1996;Craighead et al 1985) systematically studied polymer-based foam rheology by varying polymer concentrations. Reidenbach et al (1986) studied the flow properties of both aqueous and polymerbased fracturing foams at 75°F using nitrogen and carbon dioxide as the gas phase.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rheology and Hydraulics of Polymer (HEC) Based Drilling Foams at Ambient Temperature Conditions

et al. 2007

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

An experimental investigation on polymer-based drilling foams was carried out. Rheology tests were performed with foams that have different concentrations of hydroxylethylcellulose (HEC) and 1% commercial surfactant. Experiments were conducted in a largescale flow loop that permits foam flow through 2-, 3-, and 4-in. pipe sections, and a 6×3.5-in. annular section. During the experiments, frictional pressure losses across the pipe and annular sections were measured for different gas/liquid flow rates, polymer concentrations (0, 0.25, and 0.5%), and foam qualities (70, 80, and 90%). Significant rheological variations were observed between aqueous foams containing no polymers and polymer-thickened foams.Experimental data show three distinct flow curves for the 2-, 3-, and 4-in. pipe sections, which indicates the presence of wall slip. The Oldroyd-Jastrzebski approach was used to calculate the wall slip velocity and determine the true shear rate. It has been found that wall slip decreases as the foam quality or polymer concentration increases. Two foam hydraulic models, which use slipcorrected and slip-uncorrected rheological parameters, have been proposed. These models are applicable for predicting pressure loss in pipes and annuli. Model predictions for the annular test section are compared with the measured data. A satisfactory agreement between the model predictions and measured data is obtained. This paper will help to better design foam drilling and cleanup operations.

show abstract

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rheology and Hydraulics of Polymer (HEC) Based Drilling Foams at Ambient Temperature Conditions

et al. 2007

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…(9) Equation (9) is valid if changes in pressure, temperature, quality and rheological parameters (n and K) are negligible across the computational length, ∆L. The function Φ is expressed as:…”

Section: Hydraulic Models For Foam Flow In Annulusmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For Power Law fluid flow in annulus, volumetric flow rate is given by Eq. (9). Also, for Power Law fluid pipe flow, the flow rate is given as: …”

Section: Hydraulic Models For Foam Flow In Annulusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rheology and Hydraulics of Polymer (HEC) Based Drilling Foams at Ambient Temperature Conditions

Chen

Ahmed

Miska

et al. 2005

Proceedings of SPE Production Operations Symposium

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

TX 75083-3836, U.S.A., fax 01-972-952-9435. AbstractAn experimental investigation on polymer-based drilling foams was carried out. Rheology tests were performed with foams that have different concentrations of Hydroxylethylcellulose (HEC) and 1% commercial surfactant. Experiments were conducted in a large-scale flow loop that permits foam flow through 2", 3" and 4" pipe sections, and a 6"×3.5" annular section. During the experiments, frictional pressure losses across the pipe and annular sections were measured for different gas/liquid flow rates, polymer concentrations (0%, 0.25% and 0.5%) and foam qualities (70%, 80% and 90%). Significant rheological variations were observed between aqueous foams containing no polymers and polymer-thickened foams.Experimental data show three distinct flow curves for the 2", 3" and 4" pipe sections, which indicates the presence of wall slip. The Oldroyd-Jastrzebski approach was used to calculate the wall slip velocity and determine the true shear rate. It has been found that wall slip decreases as the foam quality or polymer concentration increases. Two foam hydraulic models, which use slip-corrected and slipuncorrected rheological parameters, have been proposed. These models are applicable for predicting pressure loss in pipes and annuli. Model predictions for the annular test section are compared with the measured data. A satisfactory agreement between the model predictions and measured data is obtained. This paper will help to better design foam drilling and cleanup operations.

show abstract

“…8,9,16 Naturally, crosslinking nitrogen-foam is straightforward as the nitrogen is completely inert. Carbon dioxide, by contrast, is a semi-soluble acid gas that can buffer the pH of water and is expected to affect crosslink performance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Water-Based Polymer Fluid Characteristics on CO2 Foam Rheology

Fredd

Miller

Quintero

2004

SPE International Symposium and Exhibition on Formation Damage Control

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

TX 75083-3836, U.S.A., fax 01-972-952-9435. AbstractHigh performance foamed fracturing fluids are required to enhance cleanup during applications in low permeability, low pressure gas reservoirs and mature, depleted hydrocarbon reservoirs. Moreover, accurate foamed fluid rheological properties, obtained under field conditions, are necessary to enable complex fracturing treatments to be executed successfully. Standard laboratory tests used to evaluate properties of foamed fluids include the foam half-life measurement and the characterization of the water-based polymer fluid rheology that serves as the external aqueous phase of the foam. These tests are generally limited by the absence of CO 2 . In addition, the rheology tests are commonly performed with the pH of the water-based fluid adjusted with acid to a value consistent with that expected for CO 2 foam under reservoir conditions. This study evaluates the relevance of conventional laboratory tests in indicating the performance of CO 2 foam fracturing fluids formulated with linear and zirconate crosslinked carboxymethylhydroxypropyl guar (CMHPG) polymer. Specifically, the effects of the water-based polymer fluid pH, crosslink delay and corresponding shear sensitivity, temperature, and foam quality are evaluated under typical conditions encountered in a fracture.Relatively new capabilities to measure pH in the presence on CO 2 under highpressure (up to 1,500 psig) and high-temperature (up to 280 o F) indicate pH values in the range of 3.5 to 4.1 for CO 2 foam under down hole conditions. Results demonstrate that the common practice of performing Model 50 rheology tests with water-based polymer fluids adjusted to low pH to simulate the effects of CO 2 are not indicative of CO 2 foam fluid performance, as the foam viscosity was not dependent on the crosslink delay or crosslink pH. Furthermore, standard shear history tests with zirconate-crosslinked CMHPG fluids did not correlate well with foam performance at qualities greater than 52% CO 2 . This work demonstrates the conditions under which CO 2 foam rheology is dominated by foam properties versus water-based polymer fluid properties.

show abstract

Foam Fracturing Utilizing Delayed Crosslinked Gels

Cited by 14 publications

References 9 publications

Rheology and Hydraulics of Polymer (HEC) Based Drilling Foams at Ambient Temperature Conditions

Rheology and Hydraulics of Polymer (HEC) Based Drilling Foams at Ambient Temperature Conditions

Rheology and Hydraulics of Polymer (HEC) Based Drilling Foams at Ambient Temperature Conditions

Impact of Water-Based Polymer Fluid Characteristics on CO2 Foam Rheology

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About