Focal activations of human cerebral cortex during auditory discrimination.

Roland, P. E.; Skinhøj, E; Lassen, N. A.

doi:10.1152/jn.1981.45.6.1139

Cited by 118 publications

(20 citation statements)

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“…These findings argue for a general role of these three regions in cognitively controlled time measurement, supporting the conclusions of other authors who have examined similar tasks (Brunia et al, 2000;Coull et al, 2000;Coull and Nobre, 1998;Jueptner et al, 1996;Maquet et al, 1996;Rao et al, 2001;Roland et al, 1981;Tracy et al, 2000;Schubotz and von Cramon, 2001a,b;Schubotz et al, 2000).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

“…These results imply that continuous timing can be performed more or less automatically by a subsection of the motor system, while discrete timing requires more cognitively controlled processing, especially when the intervals measured are one second or longer, and draws on the right prefrontal and parietal cortices. When studies specifically investigating discrete timing are examined as a group, a pattern characterised by right hemispheric activity in the prefrontal and parietal cortices emerges (Coull et al, 2000(Coull et al, , 2004bPouthas et al, 2005a;Lewis and Miall, 2002;Brunia et al, 2000;Coull and Nobre, 1998;Jueptner et al, 1996;Maquet et al, 1996;Rao et al, 2001;Roland et al, 1981;Tracy et al, 2000). Recent work with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has further supported the involvement of right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in this type of task (Jones et al, 2004;Koch et al, 2003).…”

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A right hemispheric prefrontal system for cognitive time measurement

Lewis

Miall

2006

Behavioural Processes

140

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Despite a growing body of neuroimaging data, little consensus has been reached regarding the neural correlates of temporal processing in humans. This paper presents a reanalysis of two previously published neuroimaging experiments, which used two different cognitive timing tasks and examined both sub-and supra-second intervals. By processing these data in an identical manner, this reanalysis allows valid comparison and contrasting across studies. Conjunction of these studies using inclusive masking reveals shared activity in right hemispheric dorsolateral and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex and anterior insula, supporting a general-purpose system for cognitive time measurement in the right hemispheric prefrontal cortex. Consideration of the patterns of activity in each dataset with respect to the others, and taking task characteristics into account, provides insight into the possible role of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in working memory and of posterior parietal cortex and anterior cingulate in attentional processing during cognitive time measurement tasks. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Timing is crucial to both perception and action. In order to perform flexible, behaviourally relevant time measurement, several quite specific processes seem to be necessary (Staddon and Higa, 1999;Wearden, 1999;Gibbon, 1977). These include a time-varying process which changes at a regular rate, a working memory store which keeps track of this process within each interval measured, retrieval from a reference memory store containing information about prior experience, and a mechanism which can compare current working memory values to these standards. In addition, behavioural data (Casini and Ivry, 1999) strongly support the modulatory role of attention in time measurement. The presence of these five components in a neural clock system is widely accepted (Gibbon et al., 1984;Killeen and Fetterman, 1993;Staddon and Higa, 1999;Triesman, 1963), however, the anatomical loci of the various processes are much disputed.In a recent meta-analysis (Lewis and Miall, 2003b) of 34 neuroimaging datasets examining this topic, we found that tasks involving repetitive, continuous timing such as paced finger tapping, frequently draw upon a different network of brain regions * Corresponding author.E-mail address: plewis@liv.ac.uk (P.A. Lewis).from those involving discrete trials separated by inter-trial intervals. These results imply that continuous timing can be performed more or less automatically by a subsection of the motor system, while discrete timing requires more cognitively controlled processing, especially when the intervals measured are one second or longer, and draws on the right prefrontal and parietal cortices. When studies specifically investigating discrete timing are examined as a group, a pattern characterised by right hemispheric activity in the prefrontal and parietal cortices emerges

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

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confidence: 99%

A right hemispheric prefrontal system for cognitive time measurement

Lewis

Miall

2006

Behavioural Processes

140

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“…Although more data is needed to clarify the issue, this region appears to be more commonly activated by tasks involving the measurement of sub-second intervals than by those involving the measurement of supra-second intervals alone. Supporting this, nine (Coull, Frith, Buchel, & Nobre, 2000;Coull & Nobre, 1998;Gruber et al, 2000;Penhune, Zattore, & Evans, 1998;Rao et al, 1997;Roland, Skinhoj, & Lassen, 1981;Schubotz et al, 2000;Schubotz & Von Cramon, 2001) of the 21 reviewed papers involving measurement of sub-second intervals report peaks of activity in the frontal operculum, while only three of the nine examining supra-second intervals alone (Larasson et al, 1996;Lewis & Miall, 2002;Rao et al, 2001) report activity there. Because frontal opercular activity is seen in studies which either control for movement using subtractions (Gruber et al, 2000;Schubotz et al, 2000), or require no movement or preparation for movement during the test condition (Schubotz & Von Cramon, 2001), it seems unlikely that activity there is entirely due to motor confound.…”

Section: Activity Greater During the 06 S Intervalmentioning

confidence: 90%

Brain activation patterns during measurement of sub- and supra-second intervals

2003

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The possibility that different neural systems are used to measure temporal durations at the sub-second and several second ranges has been supported by pharmacological manipulation, psychophysics, and neural network modelling. Here, we add to this literature by using fMRI to isolate differences between the brain networks which measure 0.6 and 3 s in a temporal discrimination task with visual discrimination for control. We observe activity in bilateral insula and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and in right hemispheric pre-supplementary motor area, frontal pole, and inferior parietal cortex during measurement of both intervals, suggesting that these regions constitute a system used in temporal discrimination at both ranges. The frontal operculum, left cerebellar hemisphere and middle and superior temporal gyri, all show significantly greater activity during measurement of the shorter interval, supporting the hypotheses that the motor system is preferentially involved in the measurement of sub-second intervals, and that auditory imagery is preferentially used during measurement of the same. Only a few voxels, falling in the left posterior cingulate and inferior parietal lobe, are more active in the 3 s condition. Overall, this study shows that although many brain regions are used for the measurement of both sub-and supra-second temporal durations, there are also differences in activation patterns, suggesting that distinct components are used for the two durations.

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“…Thinking tasks have been found to be routinely associated with selectively increased rCBF, 7 and auditory discrimination is associated with a selective increase in rCBF in the right hemisphere. 22 Verbal tasks, on the other hand, tend to lateralize to the left hemisphere. 23 Mental activity with a digit-span-backward test was associated with augmentation of rCBF of a diffuse nature, which was attributed to an arousal mechanism, as well as with a more selective increase in the suprasylvian regions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transcranial Doppler assessment of cerebral flow velocity during cognitive tasks.

Kelley

Chang

Scheinman

et al. 1992

Stroke

109

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Background and Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess the ability of transcranial Doppler ultrasonography to detect selective circulatory changes during cognitive activity.Methods: We measured cerebral artery flow velocity in 21 normal volunteers by transcranial Doppler ultrasonography during rest followed by cerebral activation. Mean and peak systolic flow velocities of the anterior, middle, and posterior cerebral arteries were measured during the performance of a commercial video game. We also measured flow velocity of the anterior cerebral arteries in 18 subjects during a mental arithmetic task. Serial measurements of the right and left sides were made with a headband with two probes.Results: We observed a global increase in the flow velocity above baseline measurements during task performance. During the video game, both middle cerebral arteries (f=2.6,p=0.02 for the left; f=33,p=0.004 for the right) and the left posterior cerebral artery (/=2.2,p=0.004) had selective increase in mean flow velocity compared with the ipsilateral anterior cerebral artery. This selective activation was most prominent in the right middle cerebral artery, which had a greater degree of activation than the right posterior cerebral artery (f=2.8,p=0.013). We did not observe a statistically significant difference between the right and left middle cerebral arteries, but there was a trend toward a greater activation on the right for both the mean velocity (t=1.7, p=0.098) and the peak velocity (f=1.9,p=0.079).Conclusions: Our preliminary investigation suggests that this noninvasive technique has the potential to correlate selective cerebral artery flow dynamics with cognitive activity. (Stroke 1992^23:9-14)

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Focal activations of human cerebral cortex during auditory discrimination.

Cited by 118 publications

References 0 publications

A right hemispheric prefrontal system for cognitive time measurement

A right hemispheric prefrontal system for cognitive time measurement

Brain activation patterns during measurement of sub- and supra-second intervals

Transcranial Doppler assessment of cerebral flow velocity during cognitive tasks.

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