“…Injury can present as focal narrowing, occlusion, thrombosis, pseudoaneurysm, extravasation, arteriovenous fistula, dissection, and intimal flap (Figure 2a, 2b). There is some evidence that arterial spasm may result in false positives on CTA (Figure 3), while conversely small intimal flaps may not be detected and result in false negatives (Rieger, et al, 2006;Soto, et al, 2001). Confirmatory angiography may be useful in cases of suspected spasm, vs. repeat imaging following resuscitation, while in the case of intimal flaps, the need for endovascular or open intervention is rare even in series with long term follow up (Dennis, et al, 1998).…”