Focus Article: Idiographic Filters for Psychological Constructs

Nesselroade, John R.; Gerstorf, Denis; Hardy, Sam A.; Ram, Nilam

doi:10.1080/15366360701741807

Cited by 127 publications

(165 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Nesselroade (2007) and his colleagues (Nesselroade, Gerstorf, Hardy, & Ram, 2007) have recently formalized a method for the idiographic measurement of constructs among which the relations are invariant across individuals. In short, using multiple observations per person (time series or P-technique data), they demonstrated how affective states that fluctuate around fixed points in the short term can be manifest in different ways (i.e., by different factor loadings patterns) for different individuals but that the patterns of interrelations among these states (the latent variable intercorrelations) remain invariant across individuals.…”

Section: Conceptual Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Because the factor loadings, which only indicate relative factor representation, are free to differ across groups, we can be sure that we are examining a broad range of the ability space, as it might be idiosyncratically manifest for each given age group (cf. Nesselroade, 1970;Nesselroade et al, 2007). We further constrained the sum of the indicators' intercepts to 0, such that the latent mean retains the observed metric of the indicators and that it is optimally weighted by the factor loadings.…”

Section: Analytical Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nesselroade's assertion is akin to Spearman's (1927) theorem of the indifference of the indicator (Jensen, 1992), which states that the latent ability (in Spearman's case, general intelligence) remains invariant regardless of the test used to measure it. Whereas Spearman's theorem explained that the same ability can be manifest in different forms depending on the testing material, Nesselroade's proposition was that the same ability can be manifest in different forms depending on the individual, group, or stage of development.Nesselroade (2007) and his colleagues (Nesselroade, Gerstorf, Hardy, & Ram, 2007) have recently formalized a method for the idiographic measurement of constructs among which the relations are invariant across individuals. In short, using multiple observations per person (time series or P-technique data), they demonstrated how affective states that fluctuate around fixed points in the short term can be manifest in different ways (i.e., by different factor loadings patterns) for different individuals but that the patterns of interrelations among these states (the latent variable intercorrelations) remain invariant across individuals.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Adult age trends in the relations among cognitive abilities.

Tucker‐Drob

Salthouse

2008

Psychology and Aging

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Adult age (24 years to 91 years) was examined as a potential moderator of the relations among cognitive abilities in an aggregate dataset based on studies conducted at the Cognitive Aging Lab at the University of Virginia (N = 2,227). A novel approach was applied by which the manifestations of latent ability factors were free to differ across age groups, and age trends in the interrelations among the factors were tested. Contrary to the dedifferentiation hypothesis, there was no evidence for systematic increases in the magnitudes of relations among cognitive abilities. Conventional analytic procedures replicated these findings. Keywordsaging; dedifferentiation; cognitive abilities; intelligence; measurement invariance Spearman (1904) was the first to establish that all cognitive variables are positively related to one another. He was also among the first to propose moderators of the magnitudes of these relations (Spearman, 1927). In particular, Spearman (1927) hypothesized that ability level modifies the magnitude of ability covariation such that ability interrelations are weaker at higher ability levels. He reasoned that at lower ability levels, a scarcity of domain-general resources constrains performance across a wide range of behaviors, whereas at higher ability levels, domain-general resources are profuse, and behavior is instead limited by the quality of domain-specific structures. Garrett (1938Garrett ( , 1946) applied Spearman's hypothesis to childhood development by arguing that "abstract or symbol intelligence changes in its organization as age increases from a fairly unified and general ability to a loosely organized group of abilities or factors" (Garrett, 1946, p. 373). He termed this conjecture the differentiation hypothesis. Balinsky (1941) similarly examined Spearman's hypothesis in both development and aging, and on the basis of his crosssectional analyses of the Wechsler-Bellevue standardization sample, Balinsky observed that "less of the variance can be accounted for by a single factor through the age group 25 to 29, while more and more of the variance can be so accounted for as the higher age groups are reached" (p. 227). Balinsky concluded that "there is a greater specialization up to a certain point, followed by a later reintegration of the various abilities into a flexible whole" (p. 227). Hence, the hypothesis that abilities become more highly related with adult age has come to be termed reintegration or dedifferentiation (see also Baltes, Cornelius, Spiro, Nesselroade, & Willis, 1980 McHugh and Owens (1954) supported the dedifferentiation hypothesis in a 31-year longitudinal sample of adults (the mean age at their first testing was 19 years). Lienert and Crott (1964) found cross-sectional support for differentiation followed by dedifferentiation in samples of children, adolescents, and adults. They proposed that, because cognitive abilities decline with adult age, their age-based dedifferentiation could be explained by Spearman's (1927) hypothesis that abilities are more closely...

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Section: Conceptual Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Analytical Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Adult age trends in the relations among cognitive abilities.

Tucker‐Drob

Salthouse

2008

Psychology and Aging

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“…Because the phenotypic data of only a single DZ twin pair are analyzed, the homogeneity assumption across twin pairs also does not apply. The iFACE model combines the idiographic filter (IF) introduced in Nesselroade et al (2007), and the ACE model that includes additive, common, and specific environmental (latent) factors. The identity/interpretation of factors in the IF is not based on the pattern of factor loadings (as is the general approach in factor analysis), but instead is based on the pattern of intercorrelations among factors.…”

Section: The Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimation of Subject-Specific Heritabilities From Intra-Individual Variation: iFACE

Molenaar

Smit²,

Boomsma³

et al. 2012

Twin Res Hum Genet

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A new genetic factor model for multivariate phenotypic time series, iFACE, is presented which allows for the estimation of subject-specific model parameters of genetic and environmental factors. The iFACE was applied to multivariate EEG registrations obtained with single dizygotic twin pairs. The results showed evidence for considerable subject-specificity in heritabilities and environmental effects. The assumption that the population is homogeneous (i.e., that each case in the population obeys the same parametric model), does not hold for these psychophysiological data, and its use should be critically reconsidered. We conclude that the iFACE provides a powerful new methodology to assess heterogeneity (subject-specificity) based on phenotypic observations.

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“…Nesselroade et al (2007) recently introduced the concept of idiographic filter (IF) in measurement, which allows person-specific factor loadings and residual variances, while defining measurement equivalence at the factor level by constraining their intercorrelations to be invariant across individuals. A hybridized model was later proposed that combines the IF and biometric model together, acronized as iFACE model, to model person-specific genetic and environmental influences on intra-individual variability within twin pairs (Molenaar 2010a(Molenaar , 2014Molenaar et al 2012;Nesselroade and Molenaar 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Person-Specific Non-shared Environmental Influences in Intra-individual Variability: A Preliminary Case of Daily School Feelings in Monozygotic Twins

et al. 2016

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Most behavioural genetic studies focus on genetic and environmental influences on inter-individual phenotypic differences at the population level. The growing collection of intensive longitudinal data in social and behavioural science offers a unique opportunity to examine genetic and environmental influences on intra-individual phenotypic variability at the individual level. The current study introduces a novel idiographic approach and one novel method to investigate genetic and environmental influences on intra-individual variability by a simple empirical demonstration. Person-specific non-shared environmental influences on intra-individual variability of daily school feelings were estimated using time series data from twenty-one pairs of monozygotic twins (age = 10 years, 16 female pairs) over two consecutive weeks. Results showed substantial inter-individual heterogeneity in person-specific non-shared environmental influences. The current study represents a first step in investigating environmental influences on intra-individual variability with an idiographic approach, and provides implications for future behavioural genetic studies to examine developmental processes from a microscopic angle.

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Focus Article: Idiographic Filters for Psychological Constructs

Cited by 127 publications

References 31 publications

Adult age trends in the relations among cognitive abilities.

Adult age trends in the relations among cognitive abilities.

Estimation of Subject-Specific Heritabilities From Intra-Individual Variation: iFACE

Person-Specific Non-shared Environmental Influences in Intra-individual Variability: A Preliminary Case of Daily School Feelings in Monozygotic Twins

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