Focus on the depressive symptoms in COVID-19 patients: Perspective based on a rapid meta-analysis

A living systematic review of the psychological problems in people suffering from COVID-19

“…Basic living security and necessary medical assistance should be given to patients under financial difficulties. The organization of patient mutual assistance should be established through social media, and the adaptation of COVID-19 patients in different countries or regions should be considered in combination with the localization characteristics of social psychology( Araujo et al, 2020 ; Krishnamoorthy et al, 2020 ; Lao et al, 2020 ; Schwartz et al, 2020 ). The psychological states of the patients were related to many factors.…”

Prevalence of depression in SARS-CoV-2 infected patients: An umbrella review of meta-analyses

“…After excluding duplicate, non-relevant titles, and abstracts, 56 full-text articles were screened. 14 meta-analyses [ 6 , [23] , [24] , [25] , [26] , [27] , [28] , [29] , [30] , [31] , [32] , [33] , [34] , [35] ] met our inclusion criteria and were included in this umbrella review ( Fig. 1 , Table 1 , eTable 2 for excluded meta-analyses after full-text assessment).…”

“…Three meta-analyses consistently found that females showed a higher prevalence of depressive symptoms after SARS-CoV-2 infection compared to males [ 23 , 25 , 26 ]. Stratifying by depression severity, three meta-analyses consistently reported a higher prevalence of mild depression (prevalence from 29% to 33%), followed by moderate depression (prevalence from 13% to 17%) and, ultimately, severe depression (prevalence from 5% and 10%) [ 23 , 26 , 27 ]. When subgrouping the prevalence of screening tools for depression, the highest occurrence of depressive psychopathology was recorded through the Patient-Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (ZSDS), while a lower prevalence was found using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS-depression subscale), Symptom Checklist-90 (SCL-90), and Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAMD) [ [23] , [24] , [25] ].…”

“…The prevalence for South Korea, Ecuador, Jordan, Turkey, and Italy was 39% (23–57%), 23% (18–28%), 44% (32–56%), 32% (17–50%), and 11% (6–18%), respectively, as reported by one study in each subgroup Sex Deng et al, 2020 [ 23 ] Stratified data for gender were available in 9 studies, prevalence was higher in females 50% (38–62%) than in males 39% (26–53%) Dorri et al, 2021 [ 25 ] Stratified data for gender were available in 2 studies, prevalence was higher in females 19% (15–22%) than in males 12% (9–15%) Liu C. et al, 2021 [ 26 ] Stratified data for gender were available in 11 studies, prevalence was higher in females 46% (32–60%) than in males 32% (17–47%) Study design Deng et al, 2020 [ 23 ] The prevalence of one cohort-study (74%, 62–83%) was higher than the prevalence of 22 cross-sectional studies (44%, 36–53%) Dorri et al, 2021 [ 25 ] The prevalence was similar between 4 retrospective (12%, 5–18%) and 3 prospective (12%, 9–15%) cohort studies Liu C. et al, 2021 [ 26 ] The prevalence of 3 cohort-studies (88%, 44–100%) was higher than the prevalence of 17 cross-sectional studies (34%, 21–46%) Severity of depression Deng et al, 2020 [ 23 ] The prevalence of mild, moderate, and severe depression was 33% (26–39%, 11 studies), 14% (11–16%, 11 studies), and 7% (4–10%, 12 studies), respectively. Lao et al, 2020 [ 27 ] The prevalence of mild, moderate, and severe depression was 31% (19–43%, 5 studies), 13% (11–15%, 4 studies), and 5% (2–8%, 4 studies), respectively. Liu C. et al, 2021 [ 26 ] The prevalence of mild, moderate, and severe depression was 29% (24–34% 9 studies), 17% (11–22% 9 studies), and 10% (2–20% 11 studies), respectively.…”

“… Dong et al, 2021 [ 4 ] The prevalence according to different depression screening tools were PHQ-9 ( n = 9, 33%), ZSDS ( n = 6, 22%), HADS (n = 4, 15%), SCL-90 ( n = 4, 15%), HAMD (n = 2, 7%), and PHQ-2 (n = 2, 7%). Dorri et al, 2021 [ 25 ] The prevalence according to different depression screening tools were PHQ-9 (n = 2, 16% (13–18%)), HADS (n = 2, 16% (13–20%)), ZSDS (n = 1, 31% (26–36%)), Self-reported questionnaire ( n = 1, 4% (3–6%)), DSM-IV (n = 1, 10% (7–13%)), BDI-13 (n = 1, 11% (8–15%)) Disease stage Liu C. et al, 2021 [ 26 ] 17 studies had reported the prevalence of 42% (29–56%) in patients who were experiencing SARS-CoV-2 infection, and 3 studies conducted reported a prevalence of 14% (0–48%, 95% CI) in patients who were at the recovery stage Lao et al, 2020 [ 27 ] The prevalence of depressive symptoms in discharged patients was higher (55%, 34–77%, 2 studies) than the prevalence in hospitalized patients was (40%, 28–52%, 6 studies) COVID-19 severity Dong et al, 2021 [ 4 ] The prevalence of depression in patients with severe COVID-19 was 66% (16–117%, 2 studies), higher than 31% (7–55%, 4 studies) with clinically stable COVID-19. prevalence for discharged patients was 52% (25–79%, 2 studies).…”