Focused Arousal, 40-Hz EEG, and Dysfunction

Sheer, Daniel E.

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-69379-3_6

Cited by 63 publications

(33 citation statements)

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“…The gamma band has also been associated with perceptual binding [54], attention [55], arousal [56], object recognition [57], feature-binding, and associational memory [58] [59]. Finally, gamma oscillations appear during conditions of heightened alertness [60].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

EEG Correlations during WCST Performance in Female Adolescents with Sexual Abuse-Related Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

Martínez¹,

Sanz-Martín²,

Guevara³

et al. 2015

JBBS

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Child sexual abuse (CSA) survivors can present post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and alterations in EEG activity and cognition. The aim of this study was to evaluate EEG correlations in female adolescents with CSA-related PTSD during performance of the Wisconsin Card-Sorting Test (WSCT). Inter-and intrahemispheric EEG correlations (INTERr and INTRAr) of those subjects were calculated at rest and during performance of WCST. On this task, the PTSD group obtained higher scores than the control group for the number of correct responses and failure to maintain set. In the between-groups comparisons, the PTSD group presented a higher INTERr between frontal areas in the gamma and slow bands, as well as a higher correlation in the delta band at Fp1-F3; however, this group presented a lower INTRAr between Fp1-P3 and Fp2-P4 in the theta and alpha1 bands. In the comparison between conditions, the PTSD group presented an increased correlation during execution of the WCST, mainly in the gamma band, while the control group showed a decrease of INTRAr in the slow bands. Results are discussed with respect to the influence of CSArelated PTSD on the development of cognition and functional connectivity in the brain.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

EEG Correlations during WCST Performance in Female Adolescents with Sexual Abuse-Related Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

Martínez¹,

Sanz-Martín²,

Guevara³

et al. 2015

JBBS

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“…One concerns the role of attention and focused arousal in backward masking; the other concerns the site(s) ofcortical inhibition in backward masking, particularly in the Type B variety. As to the first topic, in Bachmann's (1994) model, focused arousal (Sheer, 1984;Singer & Gray, 1995) as an attentional activation arising from subcortical (reticular and brainstem) sites seems to be part and parcel of the metacontrast mechanism. Such an intimate connection between attention and U-shaped backward masking also characterizes Enns and Di Lollo's (1997) and Shelley-Tremblay and Mack's (1999) explanations of metacontrast.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent models and findings in visual backward masking: A comparison, review, and update

Breitmeyer

Öğmen

2000

Perception & Psychophysics

468

359

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Visual backward masking not only is an empirically rich and theoretically interesting phenomenon but also has found increasing application as a powerful methodological tool in studies of visual information processing and as a useful instrument for investigating visual function in a variety of specific subject populations. Since the dual-channel, sustained-transient approach to visual masking was introduced about two decades ago, several new models of backward masking and metacontrast have been proposed as alternative approaches to visual masking. In this article, we outline, review, and evaluate three such approaches: an extension of the dual-channel approach as realized in the neural network model of retino-cortical dynamics (Ogmen, 1993), the perceptual retouch theory (Bachmann, 1984(Bachmann, , 1994, and the boundary contour system (Francis, 1997;Grossberg & Mingolla, 1985b). Recent psychophysical and electrophysiological findings relevant to backward masking are reviewed and, whenever possible, are related to the aforementioned models. Besides noting the positive aspects of these models, we also list their problems and suggest changes that may improve them and experiments that can empirically test them.Visual masking occurs whenever the visibility of one stimulus, called the target, is reduced by the presence of another stimulus, designated as the mask. Visual masking has been, and continues to be, a powerful psychophysical tool for investigating the steady-state properties of spatial-processing mechanisms

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“…By contrast, we speculate that hyposynchronisation in Psychomotor Poverty may reflect cholinergic activity, given that anticholinergic agents produce a reduction in Gamma activity, and that clozapine (antipsychotic medication that is a partial cholinergic agonist) improves cognitive deficits that are most apparent in this syndrome (Allen et al 1993). Bearing in mind the complexity of receptor subtypes, these speculations raise the possibility that abnormal regulation of dopamine or cholinergic activity may represent longer time-scale neuromodulatory attempts to cope with a Disorganisation-related deficit in NMDA activity.In addition, we suggest that arousal may act as a dynamic regulator of the interactions between these neurochemical effects and It has been demonstrated that the relationship between synchronous Gamma activity and cognitive coordination is modulated by phasic arousal of specific cortical regions (Sheer 1984). Grossberg (1984) argued that psychosis can be conceptualised as the expression of an opponent process in which arousal is gated by slowly accumulating neurotransmitters.…”

mentioning

confidence: 86%

“…It has been demonstrated that the relationship between synchronous Gamma activity and cognitive coordination is modulated by phasic arousal of specific cortical regions (Sheer 1984). Grossberg (1984) argued that psychosis can be conceptualised as the expression of an opponent process in which arousal is gated by slowly accumulating neurotransmitters.…”

Section: Guarding Against Over-inclusive Notionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Convergence of biological and psychological perspectives on cognitive coordination in schizophrenia

Phillips¹,

Silverstein²

2003

Behav Brain Sci

380

314

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Cognitive neuroscience provides a new conceptual framework for psychiatry by showing how psychological processes arise from neuronal activity (Kandel 1998). Conversely, it is possible that psychiatry will influence the future development of cognitive neuroscience by encouraging a better balance between localist and holistic conceptions of brain function. An apparent conflict between these conceptions has been central to the development of neuroscience, with the emphasis upon locally specialized functions emerging as clearly dominant. Neuroanatomy, neurophysiology, neuropsychology, and neuroimaging all show that different regions of the brain process information about different things, and that different cells within regions deal with different aspects of those things. Recent developments in experimental and theoretical neurobiology, however, are leading to an increased emphasis upon interactions that coordinate the activity of locally specialized processors. Here we argue that impairment of these coor-BEHAVIORAL AND BRAIN SCIENCES (2003) Abstract:The concept of locally specialized functions dominates research on higher brain function and its disorders. Locally specialized functions must be complemented by processes that coordinate those functions, however, and impairment of coordinating processes may be central to some psychotic conditions. Evidence for processes that coordinate activity is provided by neurobiological and psychological studies of contextual disambiguation and dynamic grouping. Mechanisms by which this important class of cognitive functions could be achieved include those long-range connections within and between cortical regions that activate synaptic channels via NMDAreceptors, and which control gain through their voltage-dependent mode of operation. An impairment of these mechanisms is central to PCP-psychosis, and the cognitive capabilities that they could provide are impaired in some forms of schizophrenia. We conclude that impaired cognitive coordination due to reduced ion flow through NMDA-channels is involved in schizophrenia, and we suggest that it may also be involved in other disorders. This perspective suggests several ways in which further research could enhance our understanding of cognitive coordination, its neural basis, and its relevance to psychopathology.Keywords: attention; cerebral cortex; cognitive coordination; cognitive neuropsychiatry; cognitive neuropsychology; context disorganization; Gamma rhythms; Gestalt theory; glutamate; grouping; memory; NMDA-receptors; PCP-psychosis; perceptual organization; schizophrenia William A. Phillips, Ph.D., is Professor of Neuropsychology at the University of Stirling, Scotland UK. He has published more than 70 papers on vision, visual memory, perceptual learning, childrens drawings, the effects of brain damage on reading and writing, and the theory of neuronal computation. He was a founder and the first Director of the Center for Cognitive and Computational Neuroscience at the University of Stirling.Steven M. Silverstein, Ph.D., is A...

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Focused Arousal, 40-Hz EEG, and Dysfunction

Cited by 63 publications

References 0 publications

EEG Correlations during WCST Performance in Female Adolescents with Sexual Abuse-Related Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

EEG Correlations during WCST Performance in Female Adolescents with Sexual Abuse-Related Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

Recent models and findings in visual backward masking: A comparison, review, and update

Convergence of biological and psychological perspectives on cognitive coordination in schizophrenia

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